{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212789936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01077","title":"Metadata Normalization","display_name":"Metadata Normalization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212789936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01077","mag":"3212789936","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34776724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01077","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8589298","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018313588","display_name":"Mandy Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mandy Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039683634","display_name":"Qingyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6368-0889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019339742","display_name":"Jiequan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiequan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055107125","display_name":"Kilian M. Pohl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5416-5159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kilian M. Pohl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450462","display_name":"Li Fei-Fei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7481-0810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Fei-Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018518655","display_name":"Juan Carlos Niebles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8225-9793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Carlos Niebles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015355317","display_name":"Ehsan Adeli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-7763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Adeli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","Stanford University, Stanford, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4278,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88941923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"10912","last_page":"10922"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.9393001794815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8373860716819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7624905109405518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.578182578086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariate","display_name":"Covariate","score":0.5431624054908752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4505222737789154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4149578809738159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39939844608306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39152956008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34944602847099304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1958644688129425}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.9393001794815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8373860716819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7624905109405518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.578182578086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119043178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Covariate","level":2,"score":0.5431624054908752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4505222737789154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4149578809738159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39939844608306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39152956008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34944602847099304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1958644688129425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01077","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34776724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34776724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8589298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8589298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8589298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8589298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G154137205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U01 AA017347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G496847860","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-MH113406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5811237459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AA017347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G855773401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K24MH098759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337330","display_name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzrsm59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104184427","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1731081199","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1868018859","https://openalex.org/W1949778830","https://openalex.org/W1956343362","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W1984454461","https://openalex.org/W2032536435","https://openalex.org/W2055999471","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2122328291","https://openalex.org/W2128834555","https://openalex.org/W2145979309","https://openalex.org/W2151432963","https://openalex.org/W2161182098","https://openalex.org/W2162670686","https://openalex.org/W2164158485","https://openalex.org/W2164826904","https://openalex.org/W2483215953","https://openalex.org/W2502224699","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2593768305","https://openalex.org/W2594166818","https://openalex.org/W2723723801","https://openalex.org/W2737032816","https://openalex.org/W2767327871","https://openalex.org/W2770618123","https://openalex.org/W2788416960","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2798592524","https://openalex.org/W2800044299","https://openalex.org/W2888725209","https://openalex.org/W2890680318","https://openalex.org/W2899477140","https://openalex.org/W2902108420","https://openalex.org/W2909334458","https://openalex.org/W2917272172","https://openalex.org/W2941567003","https://openalex.org/W2948130259","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2949677344","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W2950888501","https://openalex.org/W2954761254","https://openalex.org/W2962750142","https://openalex.org/W2962790618","https://openalex.org/W2963106283","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2963233958","https://openalex.org/W2963382997","https://openalex.org/W2963446520","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2963616706","https://openalex.org/W2963773265","https://openalex.org/W2963926704","https://openalex.org/W2965228608","https://openalex.org/W2976191627","https://openalex.org/W2979463066","https://openalex.org/W2979512465","https://openalex.org/W2990751682","https://openalex.org/W2991133498","https://openalex.org/W2996141621","https://openalex.org/W3006047402","https://openalex.org/W3034733338","https://openalex.org/W3036785680","https://openalex.org/W3037521768","https://openalex.org/W3037640285","https://openalex.org/W3081179611","https://openalex.org/W3087217556","https://openalex.org/W3094717204","https://openalex.org/W3101298150","https://openalex.org/W3106063097","https://openalex.org/W3109762849","https://openalex.org/W3120895209","https://openalex.org/W4250928742","https://openalex.org/W4288083803","https://openalex.org/W4294027968","https://openalex.org/W6604254268","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6637618735","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6639506587","https://openalex.org/W6640850671","https://openalex.org/W6682522921","https://openalex.org/W6684072790","https://openalex.org/W6721933647","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6734300861","https://openalex.org/W6738077463","https://openalex.org/W6741228317","https://openalex.org/W6746336887","https://openalex.org/W6748256130","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6749954789","https://openalex.org/W6751961731","https://openalex.org/W6754284566","https://openalex.org/W6754610156","https://openalex.org/W6755490972","https://openalex.org/W6757904846","https://openalex.org/W6761599810","https://openalex.org/W6765023186","https://openalex.org/W6774342389","https://openalex.org/W6780226713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392768766","https://openalex.org/W2058118494","https://openalex.org/W2985746494","https://openalex.org/W2095118173","https://openalex.org/W2382021449","https://openalex.org/W4206042385","https://openalex.org/W2104269053","https://openalex.org/W2106424170","https://openalex.org/W2511384863","https://openalex.org/W2080773131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Batch":[0],"Normalization":[1,75],"(BN)":[2],"and":[3,138,158],"its":[4],"variants":[5],"have":[6],"delivered":[7],"tremendous":[8],"success":[9],"in":[10],"combating":[11],"the":[12,17,39,73,88,93,114,132,136],"covariate":[13],"shift":[14],"induced":[15],"by":[16,30],"training":[18,89],"step":[19],"of":[20,95],"deep":[21],"learning":[22],"methods.":[23],"While":[24],"these":[25],"techniques":[26],"normalize":[27],"feature":[28,98],"distributions":[29],"standardizing":[31],"with":[32],"batch":[33],"statistics,":[34],"they":[35],"do":[36],"not":[37],"correct":[38,92],"influence":[40,94],"on":[41,97,117,127,147],"features":[42,119],"from":[43,68,135],"extraneous":[44],"variables":[45],"or":[46,60],"multiple":[47],"distributions.":[48,99],"Such":[49],"extra":[50],"variables,":[51],"referred":[52],"to":[53,91,110,130],"as":[54],"metadata":[55,96,115,137,145],"here,":[56],"may":[57],"create":[58],"bias":[59,134],"confounding":[61],"effects":[62,116,146],"(e.g.,":[63],"race":[64],"when":[65],"classifying":[66],"gender":[67],"face":[69],"images).":[70],"We":[71,122],"introduce":[72],"Metadata":[74],"(MDN)":[76],"layer,":[77],"a":[78,102,124],"new":[79],"batch-level":[80],"operation":[81],"which":[82],"can":[83],"be":[84],"used":[85,107],"end-to-end":[86],"within":[87],"framework,":[90],"MDN":[100],"adopts":[101],"regression":[103],"analysis":[104],"technique":[105],"traditionally":[106],"for":[108],"preprocessing":[109],"remove":[111],"(regress":[112],"out)":[113],"model":[118],"during":[120],"training.":[121],"utilize":[123],"metric":[125],"based":[126],"distance":[128],"correlation":[129],"quantify":[131],"distribution":[133],"demonstrate":[139],"that":[140],"our":[141],"method":[142],"successfully":[143],"removes":[144],"four":[148],"diverse":[149],"settings:":[150],"one":[151,153,156,159],"synthetic,":[152],"2D":[154],"image,":[155],"video,":[157],"3D":[160],"medical":[161],"image":[162],"dataset.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
