{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1908321067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298992","title":"Small instance detection by integer programming on object density maps","display_name":"Small instance detection by integer programming on object density maps","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1908321067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298992","mag":"1908321067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298992","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109302101","display_name":"Zheng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6449-5983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong","Dept. of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445935","display_name":"Lei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9188-6112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong","Dept. of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065680386","display_name":"Antoni B. Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2886-2513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoni B. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong","Dept. of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5681,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94848274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.7182158827781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7116405367851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6566883325576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6528401374816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.6292129755020142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5233977437019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4978020191192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.4830816090106964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.4822876751422882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.4599676728248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.4552759528160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/region-of-interest","display_name":"Region of interest","score":0.4407973885536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.42578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4168750047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2506730258464813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16191813349723816}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.7182158827781677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7116405367851257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6566883325576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6528401374816895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.6292129755020142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5233977437019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4978020191192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.4830816090106964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.4822876751422882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4599676728248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4552759528160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19609008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138203","display_name":"Region of interest","level":2,"score":0.4407973885536194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4168750047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2506730258464813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16191813349723816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298992","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332603","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1945243521","https://openalex.org/W1977069908","https://openalex.org/W1993152545","https://openalex.org/W1995444699","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2040939169","https://openalex.org/W2072232009","https://openalex.org/W2088929512","https://openalex.org/W2101178587","https://openalex.org/W2120419212","https://openalex.org/W2121864252","https://openalex.org/W2123175289","https://openalex.org/W2127791185","https://openalex.org/W2145983039","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2155916750","https://openalex.org/W2156727185","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162411030","https://openalex.org/W2937970997","https://openalex.org/W6640828409","https://openalex.org/W6679149884","https://openalex.org/W6681368121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W2962677013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,21,77,125],"novel":[3],"object":[4,60,105],"detection":[5,130,150],"framework":[6],"for":[7,43,136],"partially-occluded":[8],"small":[9,25,169],"instances,":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,124],"pedestrians":[13],"in":[14],"low":[15],"resolution":[16],"surveillance":[17],"video,":[18],"cells":[19],"under":[20],"microscope,":[22],"flocks":[23],"of":[24,63,104,110,118],"animals":[26,170],"(e.g.":[27],"birds,":[28],"fishes),":[29],"or":[30],"even":[31],"tiny":[32],"insects":[33],"like":[34],"honeybees":[35],"and":[36,67,113,171],"flies.":[37],"These":[38],"scenarios":[39],"are":[40,47],"very":[41],"challenging":[42,160],"traditional":[44],"detectors,":[45],"which":[46],"typically":[48],"trained":[49],"on":[50,158],"individual":[51],"instances.":[52],"In":[53],"our":[54,152],"approach,":[55],"we":[56],"first":[57],"estimate":[58,117],"the":[59,64,84,89,102,108,114,119,129,133,142],"density":[61,85,120,144],"map":[62,86,121],"input":[65],"image,":[66],"then":[68],"divide":[69],"it":[70],"into":[71],"local":[72,143],"regions.":[73],"For":[74],"each":[75,93,137],"region,":[76],"sliding":[78],"window":[79],"(ROI)":[80],"is":[81,98,122,139],"passed":[82],"over":[83],"to":[87,100,127],"calculate":[88],"instance":[90,138],"count":[91,116],"within":[92],"ROI.":[94],"2D":[95],"integer":[96],"programming":[97],"used":[99,123],"recover":[101],"locations":[103],"instances":[106],"from":[107],"set":[109],"ROI":[111],"counts,":[112],"global":[115],"constraint":[126],"regularize":[128],"performance.":[131],"Finally,":[132],"bounding":[134],"box":[135],"estimated":[140],"using":[141],"map.":[145],"Compared":[146],"with":[147],"current":[148],"small-instance":[149],"methods,":[151],"proposed":[153],"approach":[154],"achieves":[155],"state-of-the-art":[156],"performance":[157],"several":[159],"datasets":[161],"including":[162],"fluorescence":[163],"microscopy":[164],"cell":[165],"images,":[166],"UCSD":[167],"pedestrians,":[168],"insects.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}