{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994488211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298668","title":"Is object localization for free? - Weakly-supervised learning with convolutional neural networks","display_name":"Is object localization for free? - Weakly-supervised learning with convolutional neural networks","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994488211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298668","mag":"1994488211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298668","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033265682","display_name":"Maxime Oquab","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29607241","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure - PSL","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0dhs15","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161954","display_name":"D\u00e9partement d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6rqs46","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maxime Oquab","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRIA Paris, France","WILLOW project, Departement d'Informatique de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRIA Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WILLOW project, Departement d'Informatique de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019206666","display_name":"L\u00e9on Bottou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-8128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Bottou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leon Bottou is now with Facebook AI Research, New York"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leon Bottou is now with Facebook AI Research, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087781064","display_name":"Ivan Laptev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7072-3325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29607241","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure - PSL","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0dhs15","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161954","display_name":"D\u00e9partement d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6rqs46","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Laptev","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRIA Paris, France","WILLOW project, Departement d'Informatique de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRIA Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WILLOW project, Departement d'Informatique de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025398783","display_name":"Josef \u0160ivic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-5301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29607241","display_name":"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure - PSL","ror":"https://ror.org/05a0dhs15","country_code":"FR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161954","display_name":"D\u00e9partement d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6rqs46","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josef Sivic","raw_affiliation_strings":["INRIA Paris, France","WILLOW project, Departement d'Informatique de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INRIA Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WILLOW project, Departement d'Informatique de l'Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033265682"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":65.1508,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":917,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99907802,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"685","last_page":"694"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.8792839050292969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7971171140670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.791996955871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7666157484054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.7064434289932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.6766668558120728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.6663534641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6638262271881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6185043454170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.5230591893196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5214285850524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4523143172264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.43510276079177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42590343952178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4032418727874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3857388496398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34879112243652344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.8792839050292969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7971171140670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.791996955871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7666157484054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.7064434289932251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.6766668558120728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6663534641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6638262271881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6185043454170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.5230591893196106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5214285850524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4523143172264099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.43510276079177856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42590343952178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4032418727874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3857388496398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34879112243652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298668","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W318792885","https://openalex.org/W753012316","https://openalex.org/W1487583988","https://openalex.org/W1507506748","https://openalex.org/W1530666108","https://openalex.org/W1552060966","https://openalex.org/W1567302070","https://openalex.org/W1577863149","https://openalex.org/W1586079445","https://openalex.org/W1590510366","https://openalex.org/W1606858007","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1764806478","https://openalex.org/W1799366690","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1899185266","https://openalex.org/W1952794764","https://openalex.org/W1964763677","https://openalex.org/W1973054923","https://openalex.org/W1994529670","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2033832873","https://openalex.org/W2037511607","https://openalex.org/W2048060899","https://openalex.org/W2055132753","https://openalex.org/W2055349880","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2073983104","https://openalex.org/W2081613070","https://openalex.org/W2088711760","https://openalex.org/W2098245519","https://openalex.org/W2099528205","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2106317217","https://openalex.org/W2109586012","https://openalex.org/W2112020727","https://openalex.org/W2113325037","https://openalex.org/W2115240329","https://openalex.org/W2120369594","https://openalex.org/W2120419212","https://openalex.org/W2125479168","https://openalex.org/W2129305389","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2133324800","https://openalex.org/W2134529554","https://openalex.org/W2137023887","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2154422044","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2156689847","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166010828","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2171706135","https://openalex.org/W2534457893","https://openalex.org/W2536305071","https://openalex.org/W2951505120","https://openalex.org/W2952072685","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2963542991","https://openalex.org/W2963996492","https://openalex.org/W4294375521","https://openalex.org/W4302086866","https://openalex.org/W6611089629","https://openalex.org/W6622239757","https://openalex.org/W6629368666","https://openalex.org/W6630336748","https://openalex.org/W6631920315","https://openalex.org/W6633236808","https://openalex.org/W6634606625","https://openalex.org/W6635258101","https://openalex.org/W6636412649","https://openalex.org/W6636494156","https://openalex.org/W6637899330","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6639927594","https://openalex.org/W6640860105","https://openalex.org/W6648737282","https://openalex.org/W6675133265","https://openalex.org/W6675392924","https://openalex.org/W6676497082","https://openalex.org/W6677492792","https://openalex.org/W6679708198","https://openalex.org/W6680250379","https://openalex.org/W6682778277","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6684936967","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6891831295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W1495267108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Successful":[0],"methods":[1],"for":[2,41,119],"visual":[3],"object":[4,22,42,62,65,75,84,115],"recognition":[5],"typically":[6],"rely":[7],"on":[8,47,69],"training":[9],"datasets":[10],"containing":[11,56],"lots":[12],"of":[13,104],"richly":[14],"annotated":[15],"images.":[16],"Detailed":[17],"image":[18],"annotation,":[19],"e.g.":[20],"by":[21],"bounding":[23,116],"boxes,":[24],"however,":[25],"is":[26],"both":[27],"expensive":[28],"and":[29,64,77,106],"often":[30],"subjective.":[31],"We":[32,59,87],"describe":[33],"a":[34],"weakly":[35],"supervised":[36],"convolutional":[37],"neural":[38],"network":[39,91],"(CNN)":[40],"classification":[43,63],"that":[44,89],"relies":[45],"only":[46],"image-level":[48,95],"labels,":[49,96],"yet":[50],"can":[51],"learn":[52],"from":[53],"cluttered":[54],"scenes":[55],"multiple":[57],"objects.":[58],"quantify":[60],"its":[61,111],"location":[66],"prediction":[67],"performance":[68],"the":[70,78,90],"Pascal":[71],"VOC":[72],"2012":[73],"(20":[74],"classes)":[76,85],"much":[79],"larger":[80],"Microsoft":[81],"COCO":[82],"(80":[83],"datasets.":[86],"find":[88],"(i)":[92],"outputs":[93],"accurate":[94],"(ii)":[97],"predicts":[98],"approximate":[99],"locations":[100],"(but":[101],"not":[102],"extents)":[103],"objects,":[105],"(iii)":[107],"performs":[108],"comparably":[109],"to":[110],"fully-supervised":[112],"counterparts":[113],"using":[114],"box":[117],"annotation":[118],"training.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":143},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":146},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":133},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":126},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
