{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994757995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248108","title":"RALF: A reinforced active learning formulation for object class recognition","display_name":"RALF: A reinforced active learning formulation for object class recognition","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994757995","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248108","mag":"1994757995"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054207433","display_name":"Sandra Ebert","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. Ebert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck-Institut fur Informatik, Saarbruecken, Germany","Max Planck Institute for informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck-Institut fur Informatik, Saarbruecken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003887059","display_name":"Mario Fritz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8949-9896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Fritz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck-Institut fur Informatik, Saarbruecken, Germany","Max Planck Institute for informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck-Institut fur Informatik, Saarbruecken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051534545","display_name":"Bernt Schiele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9683-5237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Schiele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck-Institut fur Informatik, Saarbruecken, Germany","Max Planck Institute for informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck-Institut fur Informatik, Saarbruecken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054207433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97956467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3626","last_page":"3633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7741513252258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7023695707321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6960222721099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6715732216835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6626824140548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6431861519813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6115700006484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5654135942459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5330658555030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5010311603546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.46729758381843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.45501604676246643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.41000354290008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.3975135087966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34914839267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.333217978477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10525327920913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.10476142168045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08067277073860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07962614297866821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7741513252258301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7023695707321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6960222721099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6715732216835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6626824140548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6431861519813538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6115700006484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5654135942459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5330658555030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5010311603546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46729758381843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.45501604676246643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.41000354290008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3975135087966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34914839267730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.333217978477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10525327920913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.10476142168045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08067277073860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07962614297866821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_1737707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0013-F789-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491201390","https://openalex.org/W1514940655","https://openalex.org/W1549658602","https://openalex.org/W1666672054","https://openalex.org/W1978633512","https://openalex.org/W2027953712","https://openalex.org/W2042932437","https://openalex.org/W2043254690","https://openalex.org/W2106639887","https://openalex.org/W2109751703","https://openalex.org/W2112074816","https://openalex.org/W2112567614","https://openalex.org/W2113741880","https://openalex.org/W2115733720","https://openalex.org/W2117212296","https://openalex.org/W2118236796","https://openalex.org/W2123108597","https://openalex.org/W2124244761","https://openalex.org/W2127816222","https://openalex.org/W2140679654","https://openalex.org/W2154455818","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2165484066","https://openalex.org/W2171671120","https://openalex.org/W2426031434","https://openalex.org/W2581852757","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6629524623","https://openalex.org/W6630965568","https://openalex.org/W6632797712","https://openalex.org/W6637001620","https://openalex.org/W6653695713","https://openalex.org/W6675901991","https://openalex.org/W6676399678","https://openalex.org/W6676965228","https://openalex.org/W6678881507","https://openalex.org/W6682494755"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400868993","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W4284974072","https://openalex.org/W2341346307","https://openalex.org/W4404955202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Active":[0],"learning":[1,133,154],"aims":[2],"to":[3,16,67,126,151],"reduce":[4],"the":[5,26,37,40,43,46,65,90,116,119,128,132],"amount":[6],"of":[7,25,42,81],"labels":[8],"required":[9],"for":[10],"classification.":[11],"The":[12],"main":[13],"difficulty":[14],"is":[15,124],"find":[17],"a":[18,59,78,94,100],"good":[19],"trade-off":[20],"between":[21],"exploration":[22,69],"and":[23,45,63,70,147],"exploitation":[24,71],"labeling":[27],"process":[28,134],"that":[29,77],"depends":[30],"-":[31,35],"among":[32],"other":[33],"things":[34],"on":[36,105,115,141],"classification":[38,48],"task,":[39],"distribution":[41],"data":[44],"employed":[47],"scheme.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53,98],"analyze":[54],"different":[55],"sampling":[56,72,82,120,129],"criteria":[57,62,83,91,121],"including":[58],"novel":[60,101],"density-based":[61],"demonstrate":[64],"importance":[66],"combine":[68],"criteria.":[73],"We":[74,137],"also":[75],"show":[76,148],"time-varying":[79],"combination":[80],"often":[84],"improves":[85],"performance.":[86],"Finally,":[87],"by":[88,135],"formulating":[89],"selection":[92],"as":[93],"Markov":[95],"decision":[96],"process,":[97],"propose":[99],"feedback-driven":[102],"framework":[103],"based":[104],"reinforcement":[106],"learning.":[107],"Our":[108],"method":[109],"does":[110],"not":[111],"require":[112],"prior":[113],"information":[114],"dataset":[117],"or":[118],"but":[122],"rather":[123],"able":[125],"adapt":[127],"strategy":[130],"during":[131],"experience.":[136],"evaluate":[138],"our":[139],"approach":[140],"three":[142],"challenging":[143],"object":[144],"recognition":[145],"datasets":[146],"superior":[149],"performance":[150],"previous":[152],"active":[153],"methods.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
