{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2150066425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248074","title":"Are we ready for autonomous driving? The KITTI vision benchmark suite","display_name":"Are we ready for autonomous driving? The KITTI vision benchmark suite","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2150066425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248074","mag":"2150066425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248074","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016606943","display_name":"Andreas Geiger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8151-3726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Geiger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111040507","display_name":"P Lenz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Lenz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043370575","display_name":"R. Urtasun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093665","display_name":"Toyota Motor Corporation (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0076knn86","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665","https://openalex.org/I4210125472","https://openalex.org/I4210137853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Urtasun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Technical Institute, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Technical Institute, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093665"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016606943"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4400.2061,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14141,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9999989,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3354","last_page":"3361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8051321506500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-odometry","display_name":"Visual odometry","score":0.7626842260360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7559603452682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.755598783493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.6946302652359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6502143740653992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odometry","display_name":"Odometry","score":0.5671533942222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.5407254099845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"Optical flow","score":0.4900995194911957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4880014955997467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4572155475616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.30281150341033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.30138278007507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.22282975912094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.15633204579353333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8051321506500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5799516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4110915","display_name":"Visual odometry","level":3,"score":0.7626842260360718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7559603452682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.755598783493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.6946302652359009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6502143740653992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49441653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2014717","display_name":"Odometry","level":4,"score":0.5671533942222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.5407254099845886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155542232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736111","display_name":"Optical flow","level":3,"score":0.4900995194911957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4880014955997467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4572155475616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.30281150341033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.30138278007507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.22282975912094116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.15633204579353333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248074","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.228.9969","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.228.9969","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cvlibs.net/publications/cvpr12.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.296.7277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.296.7277","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~rurtasun/publications/geiger_et_al_cvpr12.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127013308","https://openalex.org/W180521011","https://openalex.org/W191001584","https://openalex.org/W1501358589","https://openalex.org/W1501749417","https://openalex.org/W1565206031","https://openalex.org/W1578985305","https://openalex.org/W1597928342","https://openalex.org/W1746819321","https://openalex.org/W1867429401","https://openalex.org/W1912649600","https://openalex.org/W1964814179","https://openalex.org/W1968799614","https://openalex.org/W1990398405","https://openalex.org/W1995963656","https://openalex.org/W1998910452","https://openalex.org/W2006548260","https://openalex.org/W2027726068","https://openalex.org/W2028652338","https://openalex.org/W2031454541","https://openalex.org/W2033959528","https://openalex.org/W2049479307","https://openalex.org/W2054511520","https://openalex.org/W2087718299","https://openalex.org/W2098699644","https://openalex.org/W2104974755","https://openalex.org/W2107921474","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2117248802","https://openalex.org/W2119090229","https://openalex.org/W2121781154","https://openalex.org/W2127220039","https://openalex.org/W2128783330","https://openalex.org/W2128942651","https://openalex.org/W2131747574","https://openalex.org/W2147253850","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2156548949","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2166049352","https://openalex.org/W2167049458","https://openalex.org/W2167090521","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2168676389","https://openalex.org/W2171781905","https://openalex.org/W2951271310","https://openalex.org/W3038018492","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W3210232381","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W6605126162","https://openalex.org/W6607783561","https://openalex.org/W6629857507","https://openalex.org/W6629878583","https://openalex.org/W6639126518","https://openalex.org/W6640185247","https://openalex.org/W6675975818","https://openalex.org/W6684945483","https://openalex.org/W6803376173","https://openalex.org/W7052808501"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2979950214","https://openalex.org/W87609089","https://openalex.org/W2414561716","https://openalex.org/W3024737167","https://openalex.org/W3161199934","https://openalex.org/W2303855011","https://openalex.org/W2312326526","https://openalex.org/W2412578866","https://openalex.org/W3105866016","https://openalex.org/W4312703710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"visual":[1,52,89],"recognition":[2],"systems":[3],"are":[4,114,167],"still":[5],"rarely":[6],"employed":[7],"in":[8,104],"robotics":[9],"applications.":[10],"Perhaps":[11],"one":[12],"of":[13,22,35,48,92],"the":[14,20,46,140,143,161],"main":[15],"reasons":[16],"for":[17,45],"this":[18,30,151],"is":[19,61,148],"lack":[21],"demanding":[23],"benchmarks":[24,44,79,156,166],"that":[25,123],"mimic":[26],"such":[27,130],"scenarios.":[28],"In":[29],"paper,":[31],"we":[32],"take":[33],"advantage":[34],"our":[36],"autonomous":[37],"driving":[38],"platform":[39,60],"to":[40,108,142,149,160],"develop":[41],"novel":[42,158],"challenging":[43,155],"tasks":[47],"stereo,":[49],"optical":[50,84],"flow,":[51],"odometry/SLAM":[53],"and":[54,73,83,96,111],"3D":[55,100],"object":[56,101],"detection.":[57],"Our":[58,78,146,165],"recording":[59],"equipped":[62],"with":[63,157],"four":[64],"high":[65,126],"resolution":[66],"video":[67],"cameras,":[68],"a":[69,74],"Velodyne":[70],"laser":[71],"scanner":[72],"state-of-the-art":[75,120],"localization":[76],"system.":[77],"comprise":[80],"389":[81],"stereo":[82,88],"flow":[85],"image":[86],"pairs,":[87],"odometry":[90],"sequences":[91],"39.2":[93],"km":[94],"length,":[95],"more":[97],"than":[98],"200k":[99],"annotations":[102],"captured":[103],"cluttered":[105],"scenarios":[106],"(up":[107],"15":[109],"cars":[110],"30":[112],"pedestrians":[113],"visible":[115],"per":[116],"image).":[117],"Results":[118],"from":[119],"algorithms":[121],"reveal":[122],"methods":[124],"ranking":[125],"on":[127],"established":[128],"datasets":[129],"as":[131],"Middlebury":[132],"perform":[133],"below":[134],"average":[135],"when":[136],"being":[137],"moved":[138],"outside":[139],"laboratory":[141],"real":[144],"world.":[145],"goal":[147],"reduce":[150],"bias":[152],"by":[153],"providing":[154],"difficulties":[159],"computer":[162],"vision":[163],"community.":[164],"available":[168],"online":[169],"at:":[170],"www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":230},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1571},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1905},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1881},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1586},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1827},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1501},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1296},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":825},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":557},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":369},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":276},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":157},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":134},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}