{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122196799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248043","title":"Fast search in Hamming space with multi-index hashing","display_name":"Fast search in Hamming space with multi-index hashing","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122196799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248043","mag":"2122196799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248043","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047717811","display_name":"Mandana Norouzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5938-9847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Norouzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032901680","display_name":"Ali Punjani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4133-6630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Punjani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035123135","display_name":"David J. Fleet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. J. Fleet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047717811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.0496,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":265,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99630505,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3108","last_page":"3115"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.7591209411621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-space","display_name":"Hamming space","score":0.7358121871948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.7208930253982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.6642047166824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6328856945037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substring","display_name":"Substring","score":0.6168413758277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-code","display_name":"Linear code","score":0.6045359373092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-table","display_name":"Hash table","score":0.6001086831092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-code","display_name":"Binary code","score":0.5486881136894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-perfect-hashing","display_name":"Dynamic perfect hashing","score":0.5124309659004211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perfect-hash-function","display_name":"Perfect hash function","score":0.5069130063056946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.49013957381248474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.48046940565109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.42897191643714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-array","display_name":"Bit array","score":0.4161117970943451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming","display_name":"Hamming(7,4)","score":0.4149111211299896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4110351502895355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.39670801162719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.3897196054458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-hashing","display_name":"Double hashing","score":0.37157994508743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27944737672805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.13128933310508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.12258249521255493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.7591209411621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779494224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645799","display_name":"Hamming space","level":5,"score":0.7358121871948242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.7208930253982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.6642047166824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6328856945037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182407805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2626534","display_name":"Substring","level":3,"score":0.6168413758277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2400350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752667","display_name":"Linear code","level":4,"score":0.6045359373092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67388219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207440","display_name":"Hash table","level":3,"score":0.6001086831092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.5486881136894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122907437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318999","display_name":"Dynamic perfect hashing","level":5,"score":0.5124309659004211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87431388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070573","display_name":"Perfect hash function","level":4,"score":0.5069130063056946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.49013957381248474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48046940565109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.42897191643714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150807984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1992074","display_name":"Bit array","level":3,"score":0.4161117970943451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112932734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2322550","display_name":"Hamming(7,4)","level":5,"score":0.4149111211299896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4110351502895355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.39670801162719727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.3897196054458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138111711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478351","display_name":"Double hashing","level":4,"score":0.37157994508743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27944737672805786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.13128933310508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.12258249521255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6248043","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556531089","https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W1570425181","https://openalex.org/W1627400044","https://openalex.org/W1729998890","https://openalex.org/W1982193706","https://openalex.org/W2012833704","https://openalex.org/W2038276547","https://openalex.org/W2074594363","https://openalex.org/W2084363474","https://openalex.org/W2124509324","https://openalex.org/W2125378448","https://openalex.org/W2132234208","https://openalex.org/W2134514757","https://openalex.org/W2145607950","https://openalex.org/W2147717514","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152926413","https://openalex.org/W2154956324","https://openalex.org/W2164338181","https://openalex.org/W2185675025","https://openalex.org/W2221852422","https://openalex.org/W2293597654","https://openalex.org/W2913932916","https://openalex.org/W4230940751","https://openalex.org/W6636759986","https://openalex.org/W6678556256","https://openalex.org/W6682911310","https://openalex.org/W6684181414","https://openalex.org/W6686180304","https://openalex.org/W6688844344","https://openalex.org/W6697214482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2094127768","https://openalex.org/W4225279861","https://openalex.org/W1705602972","https://openalex.org/W2798834175","https://openalex.org/W2242351545","https://openalex.org/W2029205712","https://openalex.org/W4242274649","https://openalex.org/W2018220357","https://openalex.org/W2021988580","https://openalex.org/W2135525032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1,89],"been":[2],"growing":[3],"interest":[4],"in":[5,18,46,76],"mapping":[6],"image":[7],"data":[8],"onto":[9],"compact":[10],"binary":[11,22,67],"codes":[12,23,37],"for":[13,93,108],"fast":[14],"near":[15],"neighbor":[16,74],"search":[17,75,121],"vision":[19],"applications.":[20],"Although":[21],"are":[24,42],"motivated":[25],"by":[26],"their":[27],"use":[28],"as":[29,49],"direct":[30],"indices":[31],"(addresses)":[32],"into":[33],"a":[34,58,103],"hash":[35,64],"table,":[36],"longer":[38],"than":[39],"32":[40],"bits":[41],"not":[43],"being":[44],"used":[45],"this":[47],"way,":[48],"it":[50,88],"was":[51],"thought":[52],"to":[53,61,83,112,124],"be":[54],"ineffective.":[55],"We":[56],"introduce":[57],"rigorous":[59],"way":[60],"build":[62],"multiple":[63],"tables":[65],"on":[66],"code":[68],"substrings":[69],"that":[70],"enables":[71],"exact":[72],"K-nearest":[73],"Hamming":[77],"space.":[78],"The":[79],"algorithm":[80],"is":[81],"straightforward":[82],"implement,":[84],"storage":[85],"efficient,":[86],"and":[87,107,120],"sub-linear":[90],"run-time":[91],"behavior":[92],"uniformly":[94],"distributed":[95],"codes.":[96],"Empirical":[97],"results":[98],"show":[99],"dramatic":[100],"speed-ups":[101],"over":[102],"linear":[104],"scan":[105],"baseline":[106],"datasets":[109],"with":[110],"up":[111,123],"one":[113],"billion":[114],"items,":[115],"64-":[116],"or":[117],"128-bit":[118],"codes,":[119],"radii":[122],"25":[125],"bits.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}