{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2001785244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6247891","title":"Distribution fields for tracking","display_name":"Distribution fields for tracking","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2001785244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6247891","mag":"2001785244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6247891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6247891","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076169111","display_name":"Laura Sevilla-Lara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8276-0094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. Sevilla-Lara","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045674062","display_name":"Erik Learned-Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-9135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Learned-Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA","University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts: Amherst#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076169111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":43.0222,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":513,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99890765,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7085330486297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.6465700268745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6248838901519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6225292682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5748586654663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5224900841712952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5056886672973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5051997303962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4879569411277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.44645699858665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4346117377281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.41548770666122437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7085330486297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.6465700268745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6248838901519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6225292682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5748586654663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5224900841712952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5056886672973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5051997303962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4879569411277771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44645699858665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4346117377281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.41548770666122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2012.6247891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6247891","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.228.2186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.228.2186","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.umass.edu/%7Eelm/papers/trackingDF.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.229.2982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.229.2982","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cs.umass.edu/%7Eelm/papers/trackingDF.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:erik_learned_miller-1089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/erik_learned_miller/45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402240","display_name":"ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","host_organization_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Erik G Learned-Miller","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6564533859","display_name":"CAREER:  Towards a Self-Taught Vision System","funder_award_id":"0546666","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499877760","https://openalex.org/W1585059879","https://openalex.org/W2008236684","https://openalex.org/W2016309246","https://openalex.org/W2035379092","https://openalex.org/W2053181242","https://openalex.org/W2069796486","https://openalex.org/W2099244020","https://openalex.org/W2102786230","https://openalex.org/W2103007496","https://openalex.org/W2110116545","https://openalex.org/W2111918405","https://openalex.org/W2116023383","https://openalex.org/W2131330268","https://openalex.org/W2136748318","https://openalex.org/W2137821246","https://openalex.org/W2140345984","https://openalex.org/W2143715815","https://openalex.org/W2147609308","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152668169","https://openalex.org/W2159128898","https://openalex.org/W2159686856","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162919312","https://openalex.org/W2165949425","https://openalex.org/W2167089254","https://openalex.org/W2613779721","https://openalex.org/W4206610958","https://openalex.org/W4231340930","https://openalex.org/W6629695367","https://openalex.org/W6634718233","https://openalex.org/W6675381572","https://openalex.org/W6684274140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383807498","https://openalex.org/W1978572805","https://openalex.org/W1997992934","https://openalex.org/W1987225439","https://openalex.org/W4238188170","https://openalex.org/W2125114371","https://openalex.org/W2149980199","https://openalex.org/W2019977573","https://openalex.org/W3125766170","https://openalex.org/W2391139946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"tracking":[1,122,156],"of":[2,13,88,91,94,100,110,142],"general":[3],"objects":[4],"often":[5],"relies":[6],"on":[7,85,165],"the":[8,14,19,27,33,37,45,72,86,89,92,97,108,113,140,143],"assumption":[9],"that":[10,69,158],"gradient":[11],"descent":[12],"alignment":[15],"function":[16,29,74],"will":[17],"reach":[18],"global":[20,98],"optimum.":[21],"A":[22],"common":[23],"technique":[24],"to":[25,31,47,138],"smooth":[26],"objective":[28,73],"is":[30],"blur":[32],"image.":[34],"However,":[35],"blurring":[36],"image":[38,40,61],"destroys":[39],"information,":[41],"which":[42],"can":[43],"cause":[44],"target":[46],"be":[48],"lost.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this":[52,133],"problem":[53],"we":[54],"introduce":[55],"a":[56,67,135,154],"method":[57],"for":[58],"building":[59],"an":[60,149],"descriptor":[62],"using":[63],"distribution":[64],"fields":[65],"(DFs),":[66],"representation":[68,109],"allows":[70],"smoothing":[71],"without":[75,128],"destroying":[76],"information":[77],"about":[78,112],"pixel":[79],"values.":[80],"We":[81,152],"present":[82,153],"experimental":[83],"evidence":[84],"superiority":[87],"width":[90],"basin":[93],"attraction":[95],"around":[96],"optimum":[99],"DFs":[101,105,160],"over":[102],"other":[103],"descriptors.":[104],"also":[106],"allow":[107],"uncertainty":[111],"tracked":[114],"object.":[115],"This":[116],"helps":[117],"in":[118],"disregarding":[119],"outliers":[120],"during":[121],"(like":[123],"occlusions":[124],"or":[125],"small":[126],"misalignments)":[127],"modeling":[129],"them":[130],"explicitly.":[131],"Finally,":[132],"provides":[134],"convenient":[136],"way":[137],"aggregate":[139],"observations":[141],"object":[144],"through":[145],"time":[146],"and":[147,161],"maintain":[148],"updated":[150],"model.":[151],"simple":[155],"algorithm":[157],"uses":[159],"obtains":[162],"state-of-the-art":[163],"results":[164],"standard":[166],"benchmarks.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":99},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}