{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1995997122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995710","title":"On deep generative models with applications to recognition","display_name":"On deep generative models with applications to recognition","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1995997122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995710","mag":"1995997122"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995710","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CVPR 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111465122","display_name":"Marc\u2019Aurelio Ranzato","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc'Aurelio Ranzato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033404184","display_name":"Joshua M. Susskind","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Susskind","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, USA","Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008904142","display_name":"Volodymyr Mnih","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volodymyr Mnih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108093963","display_name":"Geoffrey E. Hinton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey Hinton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111465122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.5258,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":235,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99457732,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2857","last_page":"2864"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.5672000050544739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.5672000050544739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.322299987077713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.019099999219179153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8429268002510071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7618463039398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7260570526123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.672086238861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.6364261507987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6352931261062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5983569025993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-belief-network","display_name":"Deep belief network","score":0.5061034560203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.5020215511322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.47341638803482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45253145694732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43222394585609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41370314359664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36646151542663574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8429268002510071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7618463039398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7260570526123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.672086238861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.6364261507987976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6352931261062622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5983569025993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97385483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980","display_name":"Deep belief network","level":3,"score":0.5061034560203552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.5020215511322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.47341638803482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45253145694732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43222394585609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41370314359664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36646151542663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2011.5995710","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"CVPR 2011","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.220.4604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.220.4604","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ehinton/absps/ranzato_cvpr2011.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309949","display_name":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01sdtdd95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11828546","https://openalex.org/W137106866","https://openalex.org/W1677409904","https://openalex.org/W1964155876","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2075674485","https://openalex.org/W2108054537","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2119605622","https://openalex.org/W2121331909","https://openalex.org/W2122922389","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2130325614","https://openalex.org/W2134393319","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2139900086","https://openalex.org/W2140262144","https://openalex.org/W2149396346","https://openalex.org/W2150529939","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2154683974","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2504108613","https://openalex.org/W6605498254","https://openalex.org/W6676297131","https://openalex.org/W6677878007","https://openalex.org/W6682276033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2987280934","https://openalex.org/W2093104230","https://openalex.org/W2594876342","https://openalex.org/W4390874210","https://openalex.org/W4384918963","https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W2128027845","https://openalex.org/W4386184937","https://openalex.org/W2751624083","https://openalex.org/W4241564561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136],"most":[1],"popular":[2],"way":[3],"to":[4,12,28,33,54,127,146],"use":[5,29,72],"probabilistic":[6,44],"models":[7,45,79],"in":[8],"vision":[9],"is":[10,60,105,150,154],"first":[11],"extract":[13],"some":[14],"descriptors":[15,129],"of":[16,74,80,88,134,139,159],"small":[17],"image":[18],"patches":[19],"or":[20],"object":[21],"parts":[22],"using":[23],"well-engineered":[24],"features,":[25],"and":[26,40,59,119,152],"then":[27],"statistical":[30],"learning":[31],"tools":[32],"model":[34,141],"the":[35,48,75,85,102,140],"dependencies":[36],"among":[37],"these":[38],"features":[39,123],"eventual":[41],"labels.":[42],"Learning":[43],"directly":[46],"on":[47],"raw":[49],"pixel":[50],"values":[51],"has":[52,95],"proved":[53],"be":[55],"much":[56],"more":[57],"difficult":[58],"typically":[61],"only":[62],"used":[63],"for":[64,130],"regularizing":[65],"discriminative":[66],"methods.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"work,":[70],"we":[71],"one":[73],"best,":[76],"pixel-level,":[77],"generative":[78,137],"natural":[81],"images-a":[82],"gated":[83],"MRF-as":[84],"lowest":[86],"level":[87,158],"a":[89],"deep":[90],"belief":[91],"network":[92],"(DBN)":[93],"that":[94,101,124],"several":[96],"hidden":[97],"layers.":[98],"We":[99],"show":[100],"resulting":[103],"DBN":[104],"very":[106],"good":[107],"at":[108,156],"coping":[109],"with":[110],"occlusion":[111],"when":[112],"predicting":[113],"expression":[114],"categories":[115],"from":[116],"face":[117],"images,":[118],"it":[120,144],"can":[121],"produce":[122],"perform":[125],"comparably":[126],"SIFT":[128],"discriminating":[131],"different":[132],"types":[133],"scene.":[135],"ability":[138],"also":[142],"makes":[143],"easy":[145],"see":[147],"what":[148,153],"information":[149],"captured":[151],"lost":[155],"each":[157],"representation.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T06:14:27.290980","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
