{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2014930414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539947","title":"Robust classification of objects, faces, and flowers using natural image statistics","display_name":"Robust classification of objects, faces, and flowers using natural image statistics","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2014930414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539947","mag":"2014930414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539947","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046979072","display_name":"Christopher Kanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6412-995X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Kanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","[Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005315243","display_name":"Garrison W. Cottrell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7538-1715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garrison Cottrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","[Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":186,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2472","last_page":"2479"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7599258422851562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7408637404441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6623054146766663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5810444951057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5649124979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4603519141674042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4537704885005951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44107717275619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4389406740665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34390896558761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33106568455696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1568957269191742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12617278099060059}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7599258422851562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7408637404441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6623054146766663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5810444951057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5649124979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4603519141674042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4537704885005951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44107717275619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4389406740665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34390896558761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33106568455696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1568957269191742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12617278099060059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2010.5539947","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2010 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.163.8947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.163.8947","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/users/gary/pubs/robust-classification-final.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.231.4399","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.231.4399","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/%7Eckanan/publications/Kanan_CVPR_2010.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.664.7978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.664.7978","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/%7Egary/pubs/robust-classification-final.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533072162","https://openalex.org/W1540045634","https://openalex.org/W1576445103","https://openalex.org/W1979055418","https://openalex.org/W1981578346","https://openalex.org/W2007163867","https://openalex.org/W2021326093","https://openalex.org/W2026942141","https://openalex.org/W2054981189","https://openalex.org/W2061375761","https://openalex.org/W2085927826","https://openalex.org/W2087401004","https://openalex.org/W2097018403","https://openalex.org/W2099741732","https://openalex.org/W2101933716","https://openalex.org/W2103897297","https://openalex.org/W2105464770","https://openalex.org/W2121693165","https://openalex.org/W2122922389","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2124372976","https://openalex.org/W2125692118","https://openalex.org/W2126472033","https://openalex.org/W2133589685","https://openalex.org/W2137389496","https://openalex.org/W2138068405","https://openalex.org/W2139047169","https://openalex.org/W2144764737","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2149709356","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2153509747","https://openalex.org/W2155904486","https://openalex.org/W2157629193","https://openalex.org/W2158377149","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2166742463","https://openalex.org/W2170896097","https://openalex.org/W2463472390","https://openalex.org/W2533598788","https://openalex.org/W2586765530","https://openalex.org/W2994340921","https://openalex.org/W3135174218","https://openalex.org/W4242806664","https://openalex.org/W4243349056","https://openalex.org/W6632379301","https://openalex.org/W6635552349","https://openalex.org/W6664215670","https://openalex.org/W6674642818","https://openalex.org/W6675696854","https://openalex.org/W6680614221","https://openalex.org/W6719492630","https://openalex.org/W6724364412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2560201613","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W2022352247","https://openalex.org/W2488129135","https://openalex.org/W4312219546","https://openalex.org/W2377538627","https://openalex.org/W2107220315","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Classification":[0],"of":[1,44,64],"images":[2],"in":[3,10],"many":[4],"category":[5],"datasbets":[6],"has":[7],"rapidly":[8],"improved":[9],"recent":[11],"years.":[12],"However,":[13],"systems":[14],"that":[15,78],"perform":[16],"well":[17],"on":[18,113,117,124,134],"particular":[19],"datasets":[20,154],"typically":[21],"have":[22],"one":[23],"or":[24,41,57],"more":[25],"limitations":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28,61],"a":[29,38,76,104],"failure":[30],"to":[31,50,71,98,155],"generalize":[32],"across":[33,152],"visual":[34,81],"tasks":[35],"(e.g.,":[36],"requiring":[37],"face":[39],"detector":[40],"extensive":[42],"retuning":[43],"parameters),":[45],"insufficient":[46],"translation":[47],"invariance,":[48],"inability":[49],"cope":[51],"with":[52,85,139],"partial":[53],"views":[54],"and":[55,115,129,148],"occlusion,":[56],"significant":[58],"performance":[59],"degradation":[60],"the":[62,118,135],"number":[63],"classes":[65],"is":[66],"increased.":[67],"Here":[68],"we":[69],"attempt":[70],"overcome":[72],"these":[73,153],"challenges":[74],"using":[75,83,94],"model":[77],"combines":[79],"sequential":[80],"attention":[82],"fixations":[84],"sparse":[86],"coding.":[87],"The":[88,145],"model's":[89],"biologically-inspired":[90],"filters":[91],"are":[92,150],"acquired":[93],"unsupervised":[95],"learning":[96],"applied":[97],"natural":[99],"image":[100],"patches.":[101],"Using":[102],"only":[103],"single":[105],"feature":[106],"type,":[107],"our":[108],"approach":[109],"achieves":[110,131],"78.5%":[111],"accuracy":[112,133],"Caltech-101":[114],"75.2%":[116],"102":[119],"Flowers":[120],"dataset":[121],"when":[122],"trained":[123],"30":[125],"instances":[126],"per":[127,143],"class":[128],"it":[130],"92.7%":[132],"AR":[136],"Face":[137],"database":[138],"1":[140],"training":[141],"instance":[142],"person.":[144],"same":[146],"features":[147],"parameters":[149],"used":[151],"illustrate":[156],"its":[157],"robust":[158],"performance.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}