{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2143792226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206670","title":"Automatic facial landmark labeling with minimal supervision","display_name":"Automatic facial landmark labeling with minimal supervision","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2143792226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206670","mag":"2143792226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607795","display_name":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036764694","display_name":"Yan Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5552-0199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332737386","display_name":"General Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013msgt25","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134512","display_name":"GE Global Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03e06qt98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["GE Global Research, Visualization and Computer Vision Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY, USA","Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GE Global Research, Visualization and Computer Vision Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409052","display_name":"Xiaoming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3215-8753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332737386","display_name":"General Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013msgt25","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134512","display_name":"GE Global Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03e06qt98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GE Global Research, Visualization and Computer Vision Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY, USA","Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GE Global Research, Visualization and Computer Vision Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112250829","display_name":"Frederick W. Wheeler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332737386","display_name":"General Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013msgt25","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134512","display_name":"GE Global Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03e06qt98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick W. Wheeler","raw_affiliation_strings":["GE Global Research, Visualization and Computer Vision Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY, USA","Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GE Global Research, Visualization and Computer Vision Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113686023","display_name":"Peter Tu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134512","display_name":"GE Global Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03e06qt98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332737386","display_name":"General Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013msgt25","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GE Global Research, Visualization and Computer Vision Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY, USA","Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GE Global Research, Visualization and Computer Vision Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visualization and Computer Vision Lab, GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036764694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332737386","https://openalex.org/I4210134512"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89315726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"2097","last_page":"2104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.9710144996643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8209385871887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8008841276168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6660975217819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5597525835037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5330110192298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5252389907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.47928470373153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.46885260939598083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4541738033294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-appearance-model","display_name":"Active appearance model","score":0.43844565749168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11801251769065857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.9710144996643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8209385871887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8008841276168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6660975217819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5597525835037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5330110192298889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5252389907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.47928470373153687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46885260939598083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4541738033294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.43844565749168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11801251769065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5206670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607795","display_name":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60342002","https://openalex.org/W204365527","https://openalex.org/W1570420153","https://openalex.org/W1925034021","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2035379092","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2053290137","https://openalex.org/W2079725183","https://openalex.org/W2082308025","https://openalex.org/W2101812986","https://openalex.org/W2110070888","https://openalex.org/W2131782326","https://openalex.org/W2133774033","https://openalex.org/W2137399842","https://openalex.org/W2137821246","https://openalex.org/W2140404463","https://openalex.org/W2143542740","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2157149292","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2166049352","https://openalex.org/W2171262059","https://openalex.org/W2601969426","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6602496413","https://openalex.org/W6608300845","https://openalex.org/W6634098160","https://openalex.org/W6981741443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W2052388267","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W1968481813","https://openalex.org/W2620829895","https://openalex.org/W2356918560","https://openalex.org/W4243161226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Landmark":[0],"labeling":[1,22],"of":[2,47,59,132],"training":[3],"images":[4,62,111],"is":[5,23,28,88],"essential":[6],"for":[7,49,122],"many":[8],"learning":[9],"tasks":[10],"in":[11],"computer":[12],"vision,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"object":[16],"detection,":[17],"tracking,":[18],"and":[19,31,82,118],"alignment.":[20],"Image":[21],"typically":[24],"conducted":[25],"manually,":[26],"which":[27],"both":[29,80],"labor-intensive":[30],"error-prone.":[32],"To":[33],"improve":[34],"this":[35,37],"process,":[36],"paper":[38],"proposes":[39],"a":[40,45,50,56,99,123,129],"new":[41],"approach":[42,115],"to":[43,73,91,102],"estimate":[44],"set":[46],"landmarks":[48,121],"large":[51,124],"image":[52,125],"ensemble":[53,126],"with":[54],"only":[55],"small":[57,130],"number":[58,131],"manually":[60,133],"labeled":[61,81,134],"from":[63,128],"the":[64,93],"ensemble.":[65],"Our":[66],"approach,":[67],"named":[68],"semi-supervised":[69],"least-squares":[70],"congealing,":[71],"aims":[72],"minimize":[74],"an":[75],"objective":[76],"function":[77],"defined":[78],"on":[79,109],"unlabeled":[83],"images.":[84],"A":[85],"shape":[86],"model":[87],"learnt":[89],"on-line":[90],"constrain":[92],"landmark":[94,105],"configuration.":[95],"We":[96],"also":[97],"employ":[98],"partitioning":[100],"strategy":[101],"allow":[103],"coarse-to-fine":[104],"estimation.":[106],"Extensive":[107],"experiments":[108],"facial":[110],"show":[112],"that":[113],"our":[114],"can":[116],"reliably":[117],"accurately":[119],"label":[120],"starting":[127],"images,":[135],"under":[136],"various":[137],"challenging":[138],"scenarios.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}