{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2159153878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587805","title":"3D face tracking and expression inference from a 2D sequence using manifold learning","display_name":"3D face tracking and expression inference from a 2D sequence using manifold learning","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2159153878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587805","mag":"2159153878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587805","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060150769","display_name":"Wei-Kai Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Kai Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110273090","display_name":"G\u00e9rard Medioni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerard Medioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"290","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5845423936843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","score":0.5726471543312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5693016052246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manifold","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","score":0.5679438710212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5474718809127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5245749354362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.46330979466438293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.46111559867858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43509453535079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4325055181980133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4288373589515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.41380929946899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33939215540885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.16102135181427002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5845423936843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151876577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7049464","display_name":"Nonlinear dimensionality reduction","level":3,"score":0.5726471543312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5693016052246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529865628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1790740","display_name":"Manifold (fluid mechanics)","level":2,"score":0.5679438710212708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5474718809127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5245749354362488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.46330979466438293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46111559867858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43509453535079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4325055181980133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4288373589515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41380929946899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33939215540885925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.16102135181427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587805","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.310.303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.310.303","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://iris.usc.edu/Outlines/papers/2008/liao-medi-cvpr08.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.408.3226","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.408.3226","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mplab.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/cvpr2008/conference/data/papers/465.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337655","display_name":"Research, Development and Engineering Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1020365872","https://openalex.org/W1505873999","https://openalex.org/W1969002377","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2013450515","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2082308025","https://openalex.org/W2095869646","https://openalex.org/W2096022469","https://openalex.org/W2118877769","https://openalex.org/W2119381501","https://openalex.org/W2127196145","https://openalex.org/W2128958079","https://openalex.org/W2129550076","https://openalex.org/W2146809486","https://openalex.org/W2152386463","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2160096928","https://openalex.org/W2160126058","https://openalex.org/W2164870091","https://openalex.org/W2170237252","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W4244104295","https://openalex.org/W6630275448","https://openalex.org/W6674281907","https://openalex.org/W6677548441","https://openalex.org/W6678307305","https://openalex.org/W6679234253","https://openalex.org/W6684659476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W117517268","https://openalex.org/W2148415967","https://openalex.org/W122603882","https://openalex.org/W2383239174","https://openalex.org/W2362829263","https://openalex.org/W1505873999","https://openalex.org/W2010679820","https://openalex.org/W3159953198","https://openalex.org/W49725993","https://openalex.org/W2380477800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,40,100,181],"propose":[1],"a":[2,17,36,49,58,84,175,185],"person-dependent,":[3],"manifold-based":[4],"approach":[5],"for":[6],"modeling":[7],"and":[8,11,23,34,111,124,149,155,161],"tracking":[9,35],"rigid":[10,22],"nonrigid":[12,24,45],"3D":[13],"facial":[14,46],"deformations":[15,47],"from":[16,70],"monocular":[18],"video":[19],"sequence.":[20],"The":[21,118,163],"motions":[25],"are":[26,115,128],"analyzed":[27],"simultaneously":[28],"in":[29,131,172],"3D,":[30,173],"by":[31],"automatically":[32],"fitting":[33],"set":[37],"of":[38,60,72,87,98,146,165,178,187],"landmarks.":[39],"do":[41],"not":[42],"represent":[43],"all":[44,129],"as":[48,76],"simple":[50,138],"complex":[51],"manifold,":[52],"but":[53],"instead":[54],"decompose":[55],"them":[56],"on":[57,184],"basis":[59],"eight":[61],"1D":[62,65],"manifolds.":[63],"Each":[64],"manifold":[66,119,122,125],"is":[67,82,174],"learned":[68],"offline":[69],"sequences":[71],"labeled":[73,176],"expressions,":[74],"such":[75],"smile,":[77],"surprise,":[78],"etc.":[79],"Any":[80],"expression":[81],"then":[83],"linear":[85],"combination":[86],"values":[88],"along":[89],"these":[90],"8":[91],"axes,":[92],"with":[93],"coefficient":[94],"representing":[95],"the":[96,132,147,169,179],"level":[97],"activation.":[99],"experimentally":[101],"verify":[102],"that":[103,112],"expressions":[104],"can":[105],"indeed":[106,116],"be":[107],"represented":[108],"this":[109,141],"way,":[110],"individual":[113],"manifolds":[114],"1D.":[117],"dimensionality":[120],"estimation,":[121],"learning,":[123],"traversal":[126],"operation":[127],"implemented":[130],"N-D":[133],"Tensor":[134],"Voting":[135],"framework.":[136],"Using":[137],"local":[139],"operations,":[140],"framework":[142],"gives":[143],"an":[144],"estimate":[145],"tangent":[148],"normal":[150],"spaces":[151],"at":[152],"every":[153],"sample,":[154],"provides":[156],"excellent":[157],"robustness":[158],"to":[159],"noise":[160],"outliers.":[162],"output":[164],"our":[166],"system,":[167],"besides":[168],"tracked":[170],"landmarks":[171],"annotation":[177],"expression.":[180],"demonstrate":[182],"results":[183],"number":[186],"challenging":[188],"sequences.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}