{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166925018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587371","title":"(BP)<sup>2</sup>: Beyond pairwise Belief Propagation labeling by approximating Kikuchi free energies","display_name":"(BP)<sup>2</sup>: Beyond pairwise Belief Propagation labeling by approximating Kikuchi free energies","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166925018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587371","mag":"2166925018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022590472","display_name":"Ifeoma Nwogu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-6433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ifeoma Nwogu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079301873","display_name":"Jason J. Corso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6454-9594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason J. Corso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022590472"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974","https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92880093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12536","display_name":"Topological and Geometric Data Analysis","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-propagation","display_name":"Belief propagation","score":0.8247102499008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5229735374450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5045396089553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4838513433933258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44215822219848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.41982054710388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4111762046813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.4060204029083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4012902081012726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3722188174724579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3694204092025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.359439492225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28139325976371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07771548628807068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152948882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4060686","display_name":"Belief propagation","level":3,"score":0.8247102499008179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5229735374450684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5045396089553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4838513433933258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44215822219848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.41982054710388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4111762046813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.4060204029083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4012902081012726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3722188174724579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3694204092025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.359439492225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28139325976371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07771548628807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587371","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587371","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.183.3555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.183.3555","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/%7Ejcorso/pubs/inwogu_CVPR2008.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.409.725","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.409.725","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://mplab.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/cvpr2008/conference/data/papers/031.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489475847","https://openalex.org/W1517921658","https://openalex.org/W1594874645","https://openalex.org/W1809184727","https://openalex.org/W1948436460","https://openalex.org/W1983289383","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2061782500","https://openalex.org/W2117872873","https://openalex.org/W2119310235","https://openalex.org/W2121845348","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2123282994","https://openalex.org/W2133267925","https://openalex.org/W2136405884","https://openalex.org/W2140200866","https://openalex.org/W2141033994","https://openalex.org/W2148877605","https://openalex.org/W2149760002","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2162253476","https://openalex.org/W2165949176","https://openalex.org/W2169415915","https://openalex.org/W2232702494","https://openalex.org/W2534584408","https://openalex.org/W3144890709","https://openalex.org/W6640959739","https://openalex.org/W6677677954","https://openalex.org/W6677988828","https://openalex.org/W6679372278","https://openalex.org/W6682192342","https://openalex.org/W6728814109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2487162673","https://openalex.org/W2793211469","https://openalex.org/W2949152769","https://openalex.org/W4372354731","https://openalex.org/W2942366970","https://openalex.org/W2807634898","https://openalex.org/W1692008701","https://openalex.org/W2597588799","https://openalex.org/W4360593462","https://openalex.org/W2562400057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Belief":[0,34],"propagation":[1],"(BP)":[2],"can":[3],"be":[4],"very":[5,20],"useful":[6],"and":[7,146,149],"efficient":[8],"for":[9,53,98],"performing":[10],"approximate":[11],"inference":[12],"on":[13,41,144],"graphs.":[14],"But":[15],"when":[16],"the":[17,50,54,77,80,88,94,99,102,115,139],"graph":[18,73,81,128],"is":[19,106],"highly":[21,126],"connected":[22],"with":[23],"strong":[24],"conflicting":[25],"interactions,":[26],"BP":[27,130,143],"tends":[28],"to":[29,31,59,86],"fail":[30],"converge.":[32],"Generalized":[33],"Propagation":[35],"(GBP)":[36],"provides":[37],"more":[38,108,125],"accurate":[39],"solutions":[40],"such":[42,69],"graphs,":[43],"by":[44],"approximating":[45],"Kikuchi":[46,55],"free":[47],"energies,":[48],"but":[49,123],"clusters":[51,70],"required":[52],"approximations":[56],"are":[57],"hard":[58],"generate.":[60],"We":[61,133],"propose":[62],"a":[63,72,107,121,157],"new":[64],"algorithmic":[65],"way":[66],"of":[67,79,96,101,111,138],"generating":[68],"from":[71],"without":[74],"exponentially":[75],"increasing":[76],"size":[78],"during":[82],"triangulation.":[83],"In":[84],"order":[85],"perform":[87],"statistical":[89],"region":[90],"labeling,":[91],"we":[92],"introduce":[93],"use":[95],"superpixels":[97],"nodes":[100],"graph,":[103],"as":[104],"it":[105],"natural":[109,147],"representation":[110],"an":[112],"image":[113],"than":[114],"pixel":[116],"grid.":[117],"This":[118],"results":[119],"in":[120,150],"smaller":[122],"much":[124],"interconnected":[127],"where":[129],"consistently":[131],"fails.":[132],"demonstrate":[134],"how":[135],"our":[136],"version":[137],"GBP":[140,153],"algorithm":[141],"outperforms":[142],"synthetic":[145],"images":[148],"both":[151],"cases,":[152],"converges":[154],"after":[155],"only":[156],"few":[158],"iterations.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}