{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139544111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cts.2007.4621758","title":"Complex problems: What makes them complex and difficult to solve?","display_name":"Complex problems: What makes them complex and difficult to solve?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139544111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cts.2007.4621758","mag":"2139544111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cts.2007.4621758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cts.2007.4621758","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113690187","display_name":"Dale Kristof","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dale Kristof","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force, OH, USA","U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001709267","display_name":"Keith Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3677-8802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force, OH, USA","U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111468977","display_name":"Dale R. Patrick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dale Patrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force, OH, USA","U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060011715","display_name":"Jeffry Ramsey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089612","display_name":"United States Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffry Ramsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Air Force, OH, USA","U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Air Force, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113690187"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089612"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81592908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"199","last_page":"211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.9221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.9221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.902899980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybernetics","display_name":"Cybernetics","score":0.7325372695922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6542072892189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5824970602989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.5635215044021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-systems","display_name":"System of systems","score":0.5109547972679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-adaptive-system","display_name":"Complex adaptive system","score":0.49997472763061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-centric-warfare","display_name":"Network-centric warfare","score":0.43426400423049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-systems-engineering","display_name":"System of systems engineering","score":0.43245941400527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.40694278478622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.4051547646522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36411136388778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechatronics","display_name":"Mechatronics","score":0.2678055465221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25868189334869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.21286988258361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-design","display_name":"Systems design","score":0.20148056745529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1510811150074005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115286129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123637","display_name":"Cybernetics","level":2,"score":0.7325372695922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6542072892189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5824970602989197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.5635215044021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.5109547972679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63108463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581233","display_name":"Complex adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.49997472763061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781187084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140666","display_name":"Network-centric warfare","level":2,"score":0.43426400423049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95764724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663738","display_name":"System of systems engineering","level":3,"score":0.43245941400527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.40694278478622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.4051547646522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36411136388778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28704281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180165","display_name":"Mechatronics","level":2,"score":0.2678055465221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25868189334869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.21286988258361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.20148056745529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1510811150074005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cts.2007.4621758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cts.2007.4621758","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332170","display_name":"Directorate for Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00b6sbb32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W243653112","https://openalex.org/W317092238","https://openalex.org/W1489594366","https://openalex.org/W1527571715","https://openalex.org/W1544050901","https://openalex.org/W1553783167","https://openalex.org/W1590070683","https://openalex.org/W1970095617","https://openalex.org/W1974744375","https://openalex.org/W2012250717","https://openalex.org/W2023742690","https://openalex.org/W2113803844","https://openalex.org/W2123535654","https://openalex.org/W2140269510","https://openalex.org/W2535033800","https://openalex.org/W2561249505","https://openalex.org/W2796933306","https://openalex.org/W3093012486","https://openalex.org/W3138588297","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6635479022","https://openalex.org/W6643990627","https://openalex.org/W6656207319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141885619","https://openalex.org/W2050831710","https://openalex.org/W2077947215","https://openalex.org/W2164698029","https://openalex.org/W2435278489","https://openalex.org/W2805215803","https://openalex.org/W1573789487","https://openalex.org/W2182943944","https://openalex.org/W2139689273","https://openalex.org/W2884713216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3],"topics":[4],"of":[5],"complex":[6,8,12,19],"systems,":[7,10,20],"adaptive":[9],"and":[11,42,53,72,88,95,102],"problems.":[13],"For":[14],"network-centric":[15],"warfare":[16],"(NCW)":[17],"using":[18],"it":[21],"is":[22],"necessary":[23],"to":[24,38,69],"develop":[25,79],"collaborative":[26,80],"technological":[27],"systems":[28,40,82,93],"that":[29,61,83],"function":[30,84],"within":[31,85],"a":[32,86],"cybernetic":[33],"organismic":[34],"network":[35],"(CON)":[36],"according":[37],"holistic":[39,92],"engineering":[41,94],"nonlinear":[43,96],"stochastic":[44],"processes.":[45],"Consequently,":[46],"there":[47],"are":[48,55,58,67],"differences":[49],"between":[50],"how":[51],"issues":[52],"problems":[54,60],"processed.":[56],"Issues":[57],"people-oriented":[59],"interfere":[62],"with":[63],"technology":[64,70,81],"development.":[65],"Problems":[66],"related":[68],"itself":[71],"can":[73],"be":[74],"more":[75],"easily":[76],"resolved.":[77],"To":[78],"CON":[87],"perform":[89],"NCW":[90],"requires":[91],"reasoning":[97],"about":[98],"agents":[99],"thinking,":[100],"learning,":[101],"adapting":[103],"accordingly.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
