{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292002670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850326","title":"Control Logic Obfuscation Attack in Industrial Control Systems","display_name":"Control Logic Obfuscation Attack in Industrial Control Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292002670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850326","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850326","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081114032","display_name":"Nauman Zubair","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192396691","display_name":"University of New Orleans","ror":"https://ror.org/034mtvk83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192396691","https://openalex.org/I2799628689"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nauman Zubair","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Orleans,Department of Computer Science,USA","Department of Computer Science, University of New Orleans, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Orleans,Department of Computer Science,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192396691"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of New Orleans, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192396691"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057398935","display_name":"Adeen Ayub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-5810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeen Ayub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University,Department of Computer Science,USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University,Department of Computer Science,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019996334","display_name":"Hyunguk Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192396691","display_name":"University of New Orleans","ror":"https://ror.org/034mtvk83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192396691","https://openalex.org/I2799628689"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunguk Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Orleans,Department of Computer Science,USA","Department of Computer Science, University of New Orleans, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Orleans,Department of Computer Science,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192396691"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of New Orleans, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192396691"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063509441","display_name":"Irfan Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5648-388X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Commonwealth University,Department of Computer Science,USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Commonwealth University,Department of Computer Science,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081114032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192396691"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9328,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85852519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"227","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8777142763137817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.6877747774124146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmable-logic-controller","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","score":0.6722984910011292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5923858880996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-logic","display_name":"Control logic","score":0.5236722826957703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4835757613182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vendor","display_name":"Vendor","score":0.4676392078399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.46524155139923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4357580244541168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumentation-and-control-engineering","display_name":"Instrumentation and control engineering","score":0.43389853835105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.41808611154556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.41205090284347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.39428001642227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.357852578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-control","display_name":"Process control","score":0.3361769914627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3057546317577362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1789623498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.14579889178276062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8777142763137817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.6877747774124146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37374048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188674","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","level":2,"score":0.6722984910011292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5923858880996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776350369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843479","display_name":"Control logic","level":2,"score":0.5236722826957703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4835757613182068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777338717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621","display_name":"Vendor","level":2,"score":0.4676392078399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46524155139923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4357580244541168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21592077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1922526","display_name":"Instrumentation and control engineering","level":4,"score":0.43389853835105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.41808611154556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.41205090284347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39428001642227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.357852578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155386361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649571","display_name":"Process control","level":3,"score":0.3361769914627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3057546317577362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1789623498916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.14579889178276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850326","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850326","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306110","display_name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","ror":"https://ror.org/00jyr0d86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309392","display_name":"Louisiana Board of Regents","ror":"https://ror.org/00jv89z46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152620456","https://openalex.org/W1538186256","https://openalex.org/W2002578057","https://openalex.org/W2049629426","https://openalex.org/W2081105932","https://openalex.org/W2766980353","https://openalex.org/W2791587036","https://openalex.org/W2905044737","https://openalex.org/W2945937333","https://openalex.org/W2948592548","https://openalex.org/W2952754944","https://openalex.org/W2962808527","https://openalex.org/W3036981874","https://openalex.org/W3214091108","https://openalex.org/W4292234239","https://openalex.org/W6606141063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312858719","https://openalex.org/W2600332792","https://openalex.org/W4253069238","https://openalex.org/W3111767900","https://openalex.org/W2966748955","https://openalex.org/W4377710638","https://openalex.org/W2889239165","https://openalex.org/W2375245730","https://openalex.org/W2063722070","https://openalex.org/W2791799391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"control":[1,78,127],"systems":[2],"(ICS)":[3],"are":[4],"essential":[5],"for":[6],"safe":[7],"and":[8,19,44,54,59,98],"efficient":[9],"operations":[10],"of":[11,64,124,137],"critical":[12],"infrastructures":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15,90],"power":[16],"grids,":[17],"pipelines,":[18],"water":[20],"treatment":[21],"facilities.":[22],"Attackers":[23],"target":[24,63],"ICS,":[25],"mainly":[26],"programmable":[27],"logic":[28,128],"controllers":[29],"(PLC),":[30],"to":[31,74,94],"sabotage":[32],"underlying":[33],"infrastructure.":[34],"A":[35,66],"PLC":[36],"controls":[37],"a":[38,48,56,61,114,120],"physical":[39,57],"process":[40,58],"through":[41],"connected":[42],"sensors":[43],"actuators.":[45],"It":[46],"runs":[47],"control-logic":[49,88,102],"program":[50],"that":[51,83],"specifies":[52],"monitoring":[53],"controlling":[55],"is":[60,71],"common":[62],"cyberattacks.":[65],"vendor-provided":[67],"proprietary":[68],"engineering":[69,106,130,135],"software":[70,136],"typically":[72],"used":[73],"investigate":[75],"the":[76,96,105,134,141],"infected":[77],"logic.":[79],"This":[80],"paper":[81],"shows":[82],"an":[84,91],"attacker":[85],"can":[86],"use":[87],"obfuscation":[89,103],"anti-forensics":[92],"technique":[93],"hinder":[95],"investigations":[97],"incident":[99],"response.":[100],"The":[101,117],"subverts":[104],"software\u2019s":[107],"decompilation":[108],"function;":[109],"therefore,":[110],"we":[111],"call":[112],"it":[113],"denial-of-decompilation":[115],"attack.":[116],"attack":[118],"exploits":[119],"fundamental":[121],"design":[122],"principle":[123],"creating":[125],"compiled":[126],"in":[129,140],"software,":[131],"thereby":[132],"affecting":[133],"multiple":[138],"vendors":[139],"industry.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
