{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4299678653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850313","title":"ML-based Anomaly Detection System for DER DNP3 Communication in Smart Grid","display_name":"ML-based Anomaly Detection System for DER DNP3 Communication in Smart Grid","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4299678653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850313","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108242993","display_name":"Moataz Abdelkhalek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moataz Abdelkhalek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,USA,50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,USA,50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011171619","display_name":"Manimaran Govindarasu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-5993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manimaran Govindarasu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,USA,50011"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,USA,50011","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108242993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1839,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8737609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"209","last_page":"214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7457639575004578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5800447463989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5742614269256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5159805417060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.5115905404090881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4829782545566559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.47541671991348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4732193052768707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.42151182889938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.41687777638435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38228243589401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2017935812473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15508180856704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.1263105869293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10183051228523254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7457639575004578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5800447463989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5742614269256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5159805417060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.5115905404090881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4829782545566559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.47541671991348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4732193052768707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.42151182889938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.41687777638435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38228243589401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2017935812473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15508180856704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.1263105869293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10183051228523254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csr54599.2022.9850313","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W766792511","https://openalex.org/W1546540950","https://openalex.org/W1968551868","https://openalex.org/W2024094925","https://openalex.org/W2122217421","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2737120854","https://openalex.org/W2902180473","https://openalex.org/W2907487329","https://openalex.org/W3095371939","https://openalex.org/W3097398302","https://openalex.org/W4206130810","https://openalex.org/W4285103550","https://openalex.org/W6622463413","https://openalex.org/W6632981433","https://openalex.org/W6757421070","https://openalex.org/W6838840137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2909132900","https://openalex.org/W2226826524","https://openalex.org/W1574680451","https://openalex.org/W2149294715","https://openalex.org/W2625315266","https://openalex.org/W2084242067","https://openalex.org/W2898283956","https://openalex.org/W2048574738","https://openalex.org/W2383341208","https://openalex.org/W2989703069"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,72,145],"increasing":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,168],"Distributed":[4,25],"Energy":[5],"Resources":[6],"(DER)":[7],"networks":[8],"in":[9,134],"the":[10,95,119],"smart":[11,141],"grid":[12,142],"highly":[13],"affects":[14],"its":[15],"reliable":[16],"and":[17,38,48,103,113,123,165,170],"secure":[18],"operation.":[19],"DER":[20,70,98,111,143],"communication":[21],"protocols":[22],"such":[23,34],"as":[24,35],"Network":[26],"Protocol":[27],"3":[28],"(DNP3)":[29],"lack":[30],"basic":[31],"security":[32],"mechanisms":[33],"encryption,":[36],"authentication":[37],"authorization,":[39],"making":[40],"them":[41],"vulnerable":[42],"by":[43],"design":[44],"to":[45,108],"confidentiality,":[46],"integrity":[47],"availability":[49],"attacks.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"proposes":[53],"a":[54,79,126,135],"supervised":[55],"machine":[56],"learning-based":[57],"anomaly":[58],"detection":[59,150],"model":[60,120,147],"(ML-ADS)":[61],"for":[62,69,158],"detecting":[63],"various":[64],"stealthy":[65],"cyber/physical":[66],"attacks":[67],"tailored":[68],"communication.":[71],"proposed":[73,146],"system":[74],"can":[75,90],"identify":[76],"anomalies":[77],"at":[78],"fine":[80],"granularity":[81],"satisfying":[82],"real-time":[83,159],"latency":[84,155],"requirements":[85],"so":[86],"that":[87],"effective":[88],"mitigations":[89],"be":[91],"applied.":[92],"To":[93],"train":[94],"model,":[96],"new":[97],"DNP3-specific":[99],"datasets":[100],"were":[101],"created":[102],"feature":[104],"engineering":[105],"was":[106,121],"used":[107],"extract":[109],"92":[110],"physics":[112],"pattern-based":[114],"traffic":[115],"thresholds.":[116],"For":[117],"evaluation,":[118],"deployed":[122],"optimized":[124],"into":[125],"physical":[127],"low":[128,163],"cost":[129],"Edge":[130],"Intelligent":[131],"Device":[132],"(EID)":[133],"realistic":[136],"hardware-in-the-loop":[137],"(HIL)":[138],"IEEE":[139],"39-bus":[140],"environment.":[144],"achieved":[148],"high":[149],"accuracy":[151],"(99.83%)":[152],"with":[153,161],"feasible":[154],"(\u22482":[156],"\u00b5s)":[157],"deployment,":[160],"very":[162],"false-positive":[164],"false-negative":[166],"rates":[167],"(0.008%)":[169],"(0.51%)":[171],"respectively.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}