{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406892542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csnet64211.2024.10851720","title":"Identifying APT Attack Stages Using Anomaly Score Calibration","display_name":"Identifying APT Attack Stages Using Anomaly Score Calibration","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406892542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csnet64211.2024.10851720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/csnet64211.2024.10851720","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csnet64211.2024.10851720","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 8th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116057059","display_name":"Ornella Lucresse Soh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ornella Lucresse Soh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Victoria,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Victoria,BC,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Victoria,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Victoria,BC,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041277719","display_name":"Issa Traor\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-8047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Issa Traore","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Victoria,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Victoria,BC,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Victoria,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Victoria,BC,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107841783","display_name":"Isaac Woungang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac Woungang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toronto Metropolitan University,Toronto,ON,Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toronto Metropolitan University,Toronto,ON,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039346080","display_name":"Wei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4150-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150638750","display_name":"Keene State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04c1gbz02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150638750"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keene State College,Keene,NH,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keene State College,Keene,NH,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150638750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073495903","display_name":"Marcelo Luiz Brocardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2585-5187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164790352","display_name":"Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina","ror":"https://ror.org/03ztsbk67","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164790352"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcelo L. Brocardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Santa Catarina State University - UDESC,Florianopolis,SC,Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Santa Catarina State University - UDESC,Florianopolis,SC,Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164790352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116057059"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3755,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66692602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"133","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9351999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6920130252838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6039368510246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.5735750794410706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4167020916938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.414466917514801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.180522620677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15733346343040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0708589255809784}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6920130252838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6039368510246277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5735750794410706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4167020916938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.414466917514801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.180522620677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15733346343040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0708589255809784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/csnet64211.2024.10851720","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csnet64211.2024.10851720","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 8th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004360894","https://openalex.org/W2122646361","https://openalex.org/W2509960853","https://openalex.org/W2962703433","https://openalex.org/W3133235094","https://openalex.org/W4226366790","https://openalex.org/W4388894090","https://openalex.org/W6677181946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W3120251014"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"APT":[0,38,93,103],"breaches":[1],"can":[2],"go":[3],"undetected":[4],"for":[5],"long":[6],"periods":[7],"because":[8],"of":[9,36,80],"the":[10,42,53,74],"hackers'":[11],"ability":[12],"to":[13,15,28],"adapt":[14],"and":[16,51,69,72,106],"escape":[17],"defensive":[18],"methods.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"paper,":[22],"we":[23],"present":[24],"a":[25,31,56,77],"new":[26],"approach":[27,54,62],"establishing":[29],"whether":[30],"security":[32,49],"event":[33,75,104],"is":[34],"part":[35],"an":[37,61],"attack":[39],"by":[40],"predicting":[41],"corresponding":[43],"kill":[44],"chain":[45],"stage.":[46],"For":[47],"monitored":[48],"activity":[50],"events,":[52],"derives":[55],"probabilistic":[57],"anomaly":[58],"score":[59,70],"using":[60,89],"based":[63],"on":[64],"principal":[65],"component":[66],"analysis":[67],"(PCA)":[68],"calibration":[71],"classifying":[73],"with":[76],"multiclass":[78],"type":[79],"Bayesian":[81],"Network":[82],"(BN).":[83],"The":[84],"proposed":[85],"model":[86],"was":[87],"evaluated":[88],"two":[90],"different":[91],"public":[92],"datasets,":[94],"which":[95],"yielded":[96],"very":[97],"encouraging":[98],"performance":[99],"in":[100],"accurately":[101],"detecting":[102],"occurrences":[105],"stages.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
