{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215768619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csnet52717.2021.9614651","title":"C4M: A Partition-Robust Consensus Algorithm for Blockgraph in Mesh Network","display_name":"C4M: A Partition-Robust Consensus Algorithm for Blockgraph in Mesh Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215768619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csnet52717.2021.9614651","mag":"3215768619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/csnet52717.2021.9614651","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csnet52717.2021.9614651","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 5th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084541828","display_name":"David Cordova Morales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-9596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Cordova Morales","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIP6 (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 - CNRS, Paris, France","Phare (France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIP6 (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 - CNRS, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phare (France)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091017010","display_name":"Pedro B. Velloso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-394X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145724","display_name":"Centre d'Etudes et De Recherche en Informatique et Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/044j5mm75","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145724"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro B. Velloso","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIP6 (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 - CNRS, Paris, France","Phare (France)","CEDRIC - ROC - CEDRIC. R\u00e9seaux et Objets Connect\u00e9s (France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIP6 (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 - CNRS, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phare (France)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEDRIC - ROC - CEDRIC. R\u00e9seaux et Objets Connect\u00e9s (France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017244952","display_name":"Alexandre Laub\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8573-2248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Laube","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIP6 (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 - CNRS, Paris, France","Phare (France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIP6 (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 - CNRS, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phare (France)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042836892","display_name":"Thi Mai Trang Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-3940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thi-Mai-Trang Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIP6 (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 - CNRS, Paris, France","Phare (France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIP6 (Laboratoire d'Informatique de Paris 6), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9 - CNRS, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phare (France)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105369627","display_name":"Guy Pujolle","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guy Pujolle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Green Communications, Montrouge, France","Green Communications (France)","Phare (France)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Green Communications, Montrouge, France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Green Communications (France)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Phare (France)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8017,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75385126,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.808150053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-mesh-network","display_name":"Wireless mesh network","score":0.7185261249542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-partition","display_name":"Network partition","score":0.688117504119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Mobile ad hoc network","score":0.572625458240509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.5516945123672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5446341633796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.5405418276786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesh-networking","display_name":"Mesh networking","score":0.5394917130470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.5332890152931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.5225039124488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5157011151313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.498427152633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon-mesh","display_name":"Polygon mesh","score":0.4729043245315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4694744348526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order-one-network-protocol","display_name":"Order One Network Protocol","score":0.4520662724971771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.41299062967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.35051971673965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3148745596408844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.24025112390518188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.15235859155654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.13543996214866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12281650304794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.09897741675376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07959282398223877}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.808150053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31548570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6453712","display_name":"Wireless mesh network","level":4,"score":0.7185261249542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780860992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16887485","display_name":"Network partition","level":2,"score":0.688117504119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91280400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Mobile ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.572625458240509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5516945123672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5446341633796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.5405418276786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123691950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25552104","display_name":"Mesh networking","level":3,"score":0.5394917130470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.5332890152931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.5225039124488831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5157011151313782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.498427152633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31487907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597","display_name":"Polygon mesh","level":2,"score":0.4729043245315552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4694744348526001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124255616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100423","display_name":"Order One Network Protocol","level":5,"score":0.4520662724971771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.41299062967300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.35051971673965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3148745596408844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.24025112390518188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.15235859155654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.13543996214866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12281650304794312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.09897741675376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07959282398223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/csnet52717.2021.9614651","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csnet52717.2021.9614651","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 5th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03495769v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03495769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2021 5th Cyber Security in Networking Conference (CSNet), Oct 2021, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. pp.82-89, ⟨10.1109/CSNet52717.2021.9614651⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975058072","https://openalex.org/W1977312662","https://openalex.org/W2069323839","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2156580773","https://openalex.org/W2762888877","https://openalex.org/W2770386114","https://openalex.org/W2885743763","https://openalex.org/W2889944408","https://openalex.org/W2943987510","https://openalex.org/W2953649134","https://openalex.org/W2954103930","https://openalex.org/W3045727737","https://openalex.org/W3045974732","https://openalex.org/W3106608535","https://openalex.org/W3111753225","https://openalex.org/W3132577887","https://openalex.org/W3194065736","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4288083305","https://openalex.org/W4298645651","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6686169942","https://openalex.org/W6770460032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093983424","https://openalex.org/W3200764598","https://openalex.org/W4319302693","https://openalex.org/W2088748318","https://openalex.org/W1572406879","https://openalex.org/W2757691190","https://openalex.org/W2896526184","https://openalex.org/W4312749043","https://openalex.org/W4207061535","https://openalex.org/W3091860474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"designed":[1,34],"for":[2,80,104],"Mobile":[3],"Ad":[4],"hoc":[5],"Networks":[6],"(MANET)":[7],"and":[8,66,106,129],"mesh":[9,107],"networks":[10],"is":[11,97],"an":[12],"emerging":[13],"research":[14],"topic":[15],"which":[16,83],"has":[17],"to":[18,35,90,115],"cope":[19],"with":[20,42],"the":[21,61,126,130,138],"network":[22,41,64],"partition":[23],"problem.":[24,92],"However,":[25],"existing":[26],"consensus":[27,76,95],"algorithms":[28],"used":[29],"in":[30,37,52,58,99,113,143],"blockchains":[31],"have":[32,133],"been":[33],"work":[36],"a":[38,74,88,101,134],"fully":[39],"connected":[40],"reliable":[43],"communication.":[44],"As":[45],"this":[46,59,91],"assumption":[47],"does":[48],"not":[49],"hold":[50],"anymore":[51],"mobile":[53],"wireless":[54],"networks,":[55],"we":[56,72],"describe":[57],"paper":[60],"problem":[62],"of":[63,145],"partitions":[65],"its":[67,117],"impact":[68,136],"on":[69,137],"blockchain.":[70],"Then,":[71],"propose":[73],"new":[75],"algorithm":[77,96],"called":[78],"Consensus":[79],"Mesh":[81],"(C4M)":[82],"inspires":[84],"from":[85],"RAFT":[86],"as":[87],"solution":[89,103,112],"The":[93,121],"C4M":[94],"integrated":[98],"Blockgraph,":[100],"blockchain":[102],"MANET":[105],"networks.":[108],"We":[109],"implemented":[110],"our":[111],"NS-3":[114],"analyze":[116],"performances":[118],"through":[119],"simulations.":[120],"simulation":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"that":[125],"heartbeat":[127],"interval":[128],"election":[131,140],"timeout":[132],"great":[135],"leader":[139],"time,":[141],"especially":[142],"case":[144],"topology":[146],"changes.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}