{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313121527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9908052","title":"Fractal Modulation Scheme for Optical Camera Communication","display_name":"Fractal Modulation Scheme for Optical Camera Communication","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313121527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9908052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9908052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9908052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605876","display_name":"2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001135937","display_name":"Antonio Mederos-Barrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1680-0726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Mederos-Barrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080274569","display_name":"Carlos Guerra-Y\u00e1nez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8888-129X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Guerra-Yanez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Czech Technical University in Prague,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Prague,Czech Republic","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Czech Technical University in Prague,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Prague,Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033236582","display_name":"Cristo Jurado-Verd\u00fa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7371-5563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristo Jurado-Verdu","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058302339","display_name":"V\u00edctor Guerra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6264-7577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Guerra","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013940441","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Rabad\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-4495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Rabadan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011499490","display_name":"Rafael P\u00e9rez\u2010Jim\u00e9nez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-592X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119635470","display_name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","ror":"https://ror.org/01teme464","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Perez-Jimenez","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDeTIC, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078401803","display_name":"Stanislav Zv\u00e1novec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7902-2143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanislav Zvanovec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Czech Technical University in Prague,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Prague,Czech Republic","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Czech Technical University in Prague,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Prague,Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001135937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119635470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25947274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"140","last_page":"144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9194999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.682554304599762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6444845199584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6332591772079468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5659210681915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal","display_name":"Fractal","score":0.5555402636528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5535547733306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5468636155128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5334401726722717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4690787196159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.4393176734447479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4246407747268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.4122154116630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3725317418575287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.33726876974105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2912227511405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19781693816184998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16893094778060913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16517820954322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14507609605789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.12176436185836792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.682554304599762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6444845199584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6332591772079468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5659210681915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40636538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81392","display_name":"Fractal","level":2,"score":0.5555402636528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5535547733306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5468636155128479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5334401726722717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4690787196159363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.4393176734447479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4246407747268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4122154116630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3725317418575287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33726876974105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2912227511405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19781693816184998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16893094778060913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16517820954322815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14507609605789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.12176436185836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9908052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9908052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605876","display_name":"2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:accedacris.ulpgc.es:10553/139722","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/handle/10553/139722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400136","display_name":"Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"13Th International Symposium On Communication Systems, Networks And Digital Signal Processing, CSNDSP","raw_type":"ConferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320366","display_name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bstzn19"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W4380372336","https://openalex.org/W2354248671","https://openalex.org/W2359134391","https://openalex.org/W2594116857","https://openalex.org/W2947628004","https://openalex.org/W2935229758","https://openalex.org/W1970810883","https://openalex.org/W2132453830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,23,153],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,17,68,82,87,125,139],"novel":[4],"spatial":[5],"modulation":[6],"scheme":[7],"for":[8,124],"optical":[9],"camera":[10],"communication":[11,95],"based":[12],"on":[13,20,34],"the":[14,21,35,38,42,53,57,60,71,74,77,91,94,101,104,109,114,117,133,144],"use":[15],"of":[16,31,62,70,103,111,128,149,160,167],"fractal":[18],"structure":[19],"transmission.":[22],"system":[24,134],"is":[25,135],"able":[26,136],"to":[27,51,81,137],"send":[28],"different":[29],"amounts":[30],"data":[32,161,168],"depending":[33],"distance":[36,72,165],"between":[37,73],"transmitter":[39],"(Tx)":[40],"and":[41,76,79,173],"receiver":[43],"(Rx).":[44],"Two":[45],"simulation":[46],"experiments":[47],"were":[48],"carried":[49],"out":[50],"validate":[52],"proposed":[54],"system.":[55],"In":[56,90],"first":[58],"experiment,":[59,93],"number":[61],"received":[63],"bits":[64],"was":[65,97,121],"obtained":[66],"as":[67],"function":[69],"Tx":[75],"Rx":[78],"compared":[80],"theoretical":[83],"expression":[84],"that":[85,123],"defines":[86],"lower":[88],"bound.":[89],"second":[92],"channel":[96],"tested":[98],"by":[99],"analyzing":[100],"behaviour":[102],"bit":[105,140],"error":[106,141,146],"rate":[107,142],"against":[108],"quantity":[110],"noise":[112],"in":[113,162,170],"image":[115],"using":[116],"peak":[118],"signal-to-noise-ratio.":[119],"It":[120],"found":[122],"PSNR":[126],"value":[127],"40":[129],"dB":[130],"or":[131],"more,":[132],"achieve":[138],"below":[143],"forward":[145],"correction":[147],"limit":[148],"$3.":[150],"8\\cdot":[151],"10^{-3}$.":[152],"architecture":[154],"has":[155],"potential":[156],"applications":[157],"in:":[158],"hierarchization":[159],"vehicle-to-vehicle":[163],"communications,":[164],"multiplexing":[166],"streams":[169],"cultural":[171],"spaces,":[172],"security":[174],"applications.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}