{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312453466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9907923","title":"Physical Layer Security Enhancement in VLC Using Zero-Forcing Beamforming and Optimized LED Placement","display_name":"Physical Layer Security Enhancement in VLC Using Zero-Forcing Beamforming and Optimized LED Placement","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312453466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9907923"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9907923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9907923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605876","display_name":"2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088622545","display_name":"Mahmoud Mohammadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-1032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48379061","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University","ror":"https://ror.org/0091vmj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Mohammadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shahid Beheshti University,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Tehran,Iran","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shahid Beheshti University,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Tehran,Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017327046","display_name":"Seyed Mohammad Sajad Sadough","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4386-9019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48379061","display_name":"Shahid Beheshti University","ror":"https://ror.org/0091vmj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Mohammad Sajad Sadough","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shahid Beheshti University,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Tehran,Iran","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shahid Beheshti University,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,Tehran,Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009712820","display_name":"Zabih Ghassemlooy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5780-9703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zabih Ghassemlooy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northumbria University,Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment,Newcastle,UK","Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northumbria University,Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment,Newcastle,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088622545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48379061"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6121,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83939215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"452","last_page":"456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.7400925159454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7175759673118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6857439279556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.684882640838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5402770638465881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5266596674919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5006523132324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4906395971775055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4115498661994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3471564054489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.26381009817123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17015677690505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14918869733810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.12802764773368835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11871862411499023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.7400925159454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7175759673118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6857439279556274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.684882640838623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5402770638465881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5266596674919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5006523132324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4906395971775055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4115498661994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3471564054489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26381009817123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17015677690505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14918869733810425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.12802764773368835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11871862411499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9907923","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csndsp54353.2022.9907923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363605876","display_name":"2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505562276","https://openalex.org/W2027171098","https://openalex.org/W2032013577","https://openalex.org/W2064854268","https://openalex.org/W2085865080","https://openalex.org/W2604605071","https://openalex.org/W2763246171","https://openalex.org/W2891997797","https://openalex.org/W2921148895","https://openalex.org/W2921674432","https://openalex.org/W2922422792","https://openalex.org/W2962784427","https://openalex.org/W2981610900","https://openalex.org/W2982653679","https://openalex.org/W3016427599","https://openalex.org/W3042010448","https://openalex.org/W3086980118","https://openalex.org/W3106661040","https://openalex.org/W3119060110","https://openalex.org/W3159733120","https://openalex.org/W3175835023","https://openalex.org/W3177001842","https://openalex.org/W4200084816","https://openalex.org/W4206934260","https://openalex.org/W6672281870","https://openalex.org/W6769352564","https://openalex.org/W6783199999"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737359631","https://openalex.org/W3175611619","https://openalex.org/W1816285290","https://openalex.org/W4364385708","https://openalex.org/W1997411036","https://openalex.org/W4312768793","https://openalex.org/W2082932206","https://openalex.org/W2028212872","https://openalex.org/W2364655397","https://openalex.org/W3204155601"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,30],"address":[4],"the":[5,25,32,42,50,62,73,80,89,93,97,107,130,137,149],"secure":[6],"data":[7],"transmission":[8],"through":[9],"visible":[10],"light":[11],"communication":[12],"(VLC)":[13],"using":[14],"physical":[15],"layer":[16],"security":[17],"(PLS)":[18],"techniques":[19],"and":[20,77,85],"particularly,":[21],"optical":[22],"beamforming":[23,90],"with":[24,46,151],"zero-forcing":[26],"algorithm.":[27],"More":[28],"precisely,":[29],"consider":[31],"secrecy":[33,51,75],"capacity":[34,76],"of":[35,96,116,129,146],"classical":[36,123],"multiple-input":[37],"single-output":[38],"VLC":[39,83],"so":[40],"that":[41,87,102,136],"system":[43],"can":[44,91,142],"deal":[45],"eavesdroppers":[47],"by":[48,61],"minimizing":[49],"outage":[52],"probability":[53],"(SOP).":[54],"The":[55],"considered":[56],"wireless":[57],"channel":[58],"is":[59,66,154],"modeled":[60],"Gaussian":[63],"distribution,":[64],"which":[65],"subject":[67],"to":[68,118,122,156],"amplitude":[69],"constraints.":[70],"We":[71,99],"quantity":[72],"achievable":[74],"SOP":[78,145,150],"for":[79,103],"conventional":[81],"line-of-sight":[82],"link":[84],"show":[86,101],"how":[88],"determine":[92],"optimal":[94,109,139],"placement":[95,110,128],"transmitters.":[98,131],"also":[100],"a":[104,112],"given":[105],"SOP,":[106],"proposed":[108,138],"offers":[111],"signal-to-noise":[113],"ratio":[114],"gain":[115],"up":[117],"6":[119],"dB":[120],"compared":[121],"methods":[124],"such":[125],"as":[126],"uniform":[127,152],"Our":[132],"numerical":[133],"results":[134],"indicate":[135],"LED":[140],"arrangement":[141,153],"achieve":[143],"an":[144],"$10^{-10}$":[147],"while":[148],"equal":[155],"$10^{-4}$.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}