{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400489822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cscwd61410.2024.10579997","title":"Heart of Betrayal: A PIN Inference Attack Leveraging Photoplethysmography on Wearables","display_name":"Heart of Betrayal: A PIN Inference Attack Leveraging Photoplethysmography on Wearables","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400489822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cscwd61410.2024.10579997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cscwd61410.2024.10579997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscwd61410.2024.10579997","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 27th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063548565","display_name":"Shiyue Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyue Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079115788","display_name":"Yu-Chen Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2238-8213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334703","display_name":"Hongbo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1162-839X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Chengdu,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103201162","display_name":"Huan Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-2790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115587783","display_name":"\u0411\u043e \u041b\u044e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3045-628X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Auburn University,Alabama,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Auburn University,Alabama,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18278589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2571","last_page":"2576"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/betrayal","display_name":"Betrayal","score":0.8554238080978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.7899959087371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7080801129341125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6042641401290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5915179252624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartwatch","display_name":"Smartwatch","score":0.5209559202194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42292261123657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33318662643432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.27724000811576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1946508288383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1524372696876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.05111917853355408}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781384979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166722","display_name":"Betrayal","level":2,"score":0.8554238080978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.7899959087371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7080801129341125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6042641401290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5915179252624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29794715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362345","display_name":"Smartwatch","level":3,"score":0.5209559202194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42292261123657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33318662643432617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.27724000811576843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1946508288383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1524372696876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.05111917853355408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cscwd61410.2024.10579997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscwd61410.2024.10579997","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 27th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007382769","https://openalex.org/W2115042198","https://openalex.org/W2408661706","https://openalex.org/W2598853221","https://openalex.org/W2771247593","https://openalex.org/W2925634966","https://openalex.org/W2958415890","https://openalex.org/W2982438846","https://openalex.org/W2998454108","https://openalex.org/W3042807565","https://openalex.org/W4288054297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2785847853","https://openalex.org/W4312652822","https://openalex.org/W4378388875","https://openalex.org/W3140922578","https://openalex.org/W3041872367","https://openalex.org/W4285587629","https://openalex.org/W4205793574","https://openalex.org/W4225612652","https://openalex.org/W2756171776","https://openalex.org/W2765158217"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,9,37,118,157,181],"wrist":[4],"wearables":[5],"featuring":[6],"a":[7,14,70,86,113,178],"range":[8],"sensors":[10,23,93],"has":[11],"led":[12],"to":[13,54,77,106,138,186],"substantial":[15],"user":[16,203],"base.":[17],"Among":[18],"these":[19],"sensors,":[20,43],"Photoplethysmography":[21],"(PPG)":[22],"have":[24,51],"gained":[25],"prominence":[26],"for":[27,47,65,94],"their":[28,45],"affordability":[29],"and":[30,104,120,195],"non-intrusive":[31],"nature,":[32],"particularly":[33],"in":[34,159,173,201],"the":[35,52,62,126,129,193],"context":[36],"vital":[38],"signs":[39],"monitoring.":[40],"However,":[41],"PPG":[42,92],"with":[44,177],"potential":[46,196],"gesture":[48],"recognition,":[49],"also":[50],"ability":[53],"extract":[55],"sensitive":[56],"private":[57],"information":[58],"from":[59,102],"users.":[60],"As":[61],"authentication":[63],"method":[64],"many":[66],"critical":[67],"scenarios,":[68],"once":[69],"PIN":[71,95,189],"is":[72],"compromised,":[73],"it":[74],"can":[75,168],"lead":[76],"unbearable":[78],"consequences.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81],"study,":[82],"we":[83,111,133,164],"introduce":[84],"PPGLogger,":[85],"new":[87],"side-channel":[88],"attack":[89],"that":[90,166],"leverages":[91],"inference.":[96],"PPGLogger":[97,151,167,200],"effectively":[98],"separates":[99],"signals":[100,124],"originating":[101],"heartbeats":[103],"keystrokes":[105,176],"minimize":[107],"noise":[108],"interference.":[109],"Additionally,":[110],"devise":[112],"keystroke":[114,123,130,141],"detection":[115],"technique":[116],"capable":[117],"identifying":[119],"segmenting":[121],"individual":[122],"within":[125],"waveforms.":[127],"For":[128],"inference":[131],"component,":[132],"employ":[134],"an":[135,153],"Rocket-based":[136],"classifier":[137],"achieve":[139],"precise":[140],"recognition.":[142],"Through":[143],"extensive":[144],"real-world":[145],"experiments,":[146],"our":[147],"findings":[148],"are":[149],"compelling.":[150],"achieves":[152],"impressive":[154],"accuracy":[155,172],"rate":[156],"76.3%":[158],"recognizing":[160],"10":[161],"digits.":[162],"Furthermore,":[163],"demonstrate":[165],"attain":[169],"over":[170],"50%":[171],"classifying":[174],"single":[175],"minimal":[179],"dataset":[180],"just":[182],"28":[183],"samples,":[184],"equivalent":[185],"merely":[187],"7":[188],"entries.":[190],"This":[191],"underscores":[192],"efficacy":[194],"threat":[197],"posed":[198],"by":[199],"compromising":[202],"security.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}