{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381744256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cscwd57460.2023.10152666","title":"A Pure Hardware Design and Implementation on FPGA of WireGuard-based VPN Gateway","display_name":"A Pure Hardware Design and Implementation on FPGA of WireGuard-based VPN Gateway","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381744256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cscwd57460.2023.10152666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cscwd57460.2023.10152666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscwd57460.2023.10152666","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 26th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422745","display_name":"Jihong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8685-3036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jihong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072074260","display_name":"Neng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-5692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086465211","display_name":"Chenyang Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-0531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenyang Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386936","display_name":"Yifei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5177-0465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100547882","display_name":"Yongjuan Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjuan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS,State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100422745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6125,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64250391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1220","last_page":"1225"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9510999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9510999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9024999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7551470994949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6223748326301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5849735736846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-gateway","display_name":"Default gateway","score":0.535163402557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5183500051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.49659234285354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.49221673607826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-processor","display_name":"Network processor","score":0.485566109418869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.47246670722961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.44982239603996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.447068452835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internetworking","display_name":"Internetworking","score":0.42650938034057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3441570997238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.24016568064689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.20590898394584656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7551470994949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6223748326301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5849735736846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.535163402557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5183500051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.49659234285354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.49221673607826233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74366991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2755335","display_name":"Network processor","level":3,"score":0.485566109418869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.47246670722961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.44982239603996277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.447068452835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780405328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067099","display_name":"Internetworking","level":3,"score":0.42650938034057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3441570997238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.24016568064689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.20590898394584656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cscwd57460.2023.10152666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cscwd57460.2023.10152666","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 26th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W796721319","https://openalex.org/W2102055514","https://openalex.org/W4249489319","https://openalex.org/W2614198476","https://openalex.org/W2357244095","https://openalex.org/W2126703810","https://openalex.org/W2087886361","https://openalex.org/W2170070872","https://openalex.org/W1906794818","https://openalex.org/W1510538795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,71],"the":[1,7,25,38,48,53,58,62,87,98,106,113,119,124,132,136,143,148,169,174],"face":[2],"of":[3,28,64,135,151,154],"rising":[4],"dangers":[5],"to":[6,11,82],"internal":[8,39],"network":[9,22,126,133,145],"due":[10],"remote":[12],"cooperation,":[13],"VPN":[14,29,42,80,139],"gateways":[15],"are":[16],"an":[17],"important":[18],"tool":[19],"for":[20],"organisational":[21],"administrators,":[23],"and":[24,57,67,93,104],"appropriate":[26],"execution":[27],"gateway":[30,43,81],"functions":[31],"is":[32,140],"a":[33,76],"vital":[34],"component":[35],"in":[36],"safeguarding":[37],"network.":[40],"The":[41,160],"confronts":[44],"security":[45,84],"risks":[46],"from":[47,86],"underlying":[49,101],"cryptographic":[50,88,102],"algorithm":[51,89,103],"library,":[52,90],"current":[54],"operating":[55,91],"system,":[56,92],"central":[59],"processor":[60],"as":[61],"number":[63],"attackers":[65],"grows":[66],"attack":[68],"methods":[69],"evolve.":[70],"this":[72],"paper,":[73],"we":[74],"propose":[75],"pure":[77],"hardware":[78,109],"logic":[79,110],"address":[83],"threats":[85],"CPU":[94],"by":[95],"independently":[96],"implementing":[97],"WireGuard":[99,107,138],"protocol\u2019s":[100,108],"building":[105],"circuit":[111],"on":[112,118],"FPGA":[114],"platform.":[115],"Actual":[116],"testing":[117],"NetFPGA-1G-CML":[120],"platform":[121],"reveals":[122],"that":[123],"system\u2019s":[125],"throughput":[127,134],"can":[128],"reach":[129],"35Mbps/s,":[130],"whereas":[131],"software\u2019s":[137],"23Mbps/s":[141],"under":[142],"same":[144],"settings.":[146],"Simultaneously,":[147],"delay":[149],"statistics":[150],"300":[152],"repetitions":[153],"data":[155,170],"packet":[156,171],"encryption":[157,161],"were":[158],"performed.":[159],"latency":[162],"was":[163,173],"less":[164],"than":[165],"20":[166],"microseconds":[167],"when":[168],"size":[172],"default":[175],"MTU.098":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}