{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2131992911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csac.2002.1176285","title":"Thirty years later: lessons from the Multics security evaluation","display_name":"Thirty years later: lessons from the Multics security evaluation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2131992911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csac.2002.1176285","mag":"2131992911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/csac.2002.1176285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csac.2002.1176285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"18th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 2002. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077672996","display_name":"Paul A. Karger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.A. Karger","raw_affiliation_strings":["T. J. Watson Research Center, IBM, Corporation, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights , NY, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"T. J. Watson Research Center, IBM, Corporation, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights , NY, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005772448","display_name":"Roger R. Schell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-1780"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.R. Schell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aesec Corporation, Pacific Grove, CA, USA","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aesec Corporation, Pacific Grove, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3115,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98332034,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"119","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.8243544101715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7952029705047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subversion","display_name":"Subversion","score":0.7118520736694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5873106122016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doors","display_name":"Doors","score":0.5560747385025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.5173996686935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.5031444430351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4878528118133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.4752502143383026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.34538576006889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16713166236877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.14443370699882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1099960207939148}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.8243544101715088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7952029705047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777367489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060330","display_name":"Subversion","level":3,"score":0.7118520736694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5873106122016907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4037520","display_name":"Doors","level":2,"score":0.5560747385025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.5173996686935425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.5031444430351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4878528118133545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.4752502143383026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.34538576006889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16713166236877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14443370699882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1099960207939148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/csac.2002.1176285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/csac.2002.1176285","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"18th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 2002. Proceedings.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.133.975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.133.975","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.acsac.org/2002/papers/classic-multics.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147220500","https://openalex.org/W183786663","https://openalex.org/W250614676","https://openalex.org/W1483595780","https://openalex.org/W1554262321","https://openalex.org/W1560087884","https://openalex.org/W1566322140","https://openalex.org/W1572054648","https://openalex.org/W1977921963","https://openalex.org/W2034989515","https://openalex.org/W2040234252","https://openalex.org/W2069094071","https://openalex.org/W2069437040","https://openalex.org/W2098375905","https://openalex.org/W2112857267","https://openalex.org/W2113350481","https://openalex.org/W2113959882","https://openalex.org/W2118444975","https://openalex.org/W2121251946","https://openalex.org/W2125355672","https://openalex.org/W2134138865","https://openalex.org/W2136119519","https://openalex.org/W2157185728","https://openalex.org/W2162022335","https://openalex.org/W2170267084","https://openalex.org/W2179246790","https://openalex.org/W2180474751","https://openalex.org/W2439240014","https://openalex.org/W2479612266","https://openalex.org/W2978757628","https://openalex.org/W4233035916","https://openalex.org/W4255541631","https://openalex.org/W4255982026","https://openalex.org/W6606021883","https://openalex.org/W6609474975","https://openalex.org/W6634314039","https://openalex.org/W6644609651","https://openalex.org/W6660157426","https://openalex.org/W6677174415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982445252","https://openalex.org/W3089771613","https://openalex.org/W4247478651","https://openalex.org/W2756056980","https://openalex.org/W2392564020","https://openalex.org/W4239407877","https://openalex.org/W2378209145","https://openalex.org/W2779721709","https://openalex.org/W4243130055","https://openalex.org/W3016239942"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Almost":[0],"thirty":[1],"years":[2],"ago":[3],"a":[4,69,108],"vulnerability":[5,141],"assessment":[6,142],"of":[7,32,42,44,59,76,130],"Multics":[8,16,65,90,114],"identified":[9],"significant":[10],"vulnerabilities,":[11],"despite":[12],"the":[13,33,40,45,87,89,94,99,128,140],"fact":[14,88],"that":[15,63,103],"was":[17,39,91,102],"more":[18,28],"secure":[19],"than":[20,30],"other":[21,117],"contemporary":[22],"(and":[23],"current)":[24],"computer":[25],"systems.":[26],"Considerably":[27],"important":[29],"any":[31,116],"individual":[34],"design":[35],"and":[36,54,80,149,162],"implementation":[37],"flaws":[38],"demonstration":[41],"subversion":[43],"protection":[46],"mechanism":[47],"using":[48,113],"malicious":[49],"software":[50],"(e.g.,":[51],"trap":[52],"doors":[53],"Trojan":[55],"horses).":[56],"A":[57],"series":[58],"enhancements":[60,82],"were":[61,83],"suggested":[62],"enabled":[64,85],"to":[66,153],"serve":[67],"in":[68,119,124],"relatively":[70],"benign":[71],"environment.":[72],"These":[73],"included":[74],"addition":[75],"\"mandatory":[77],"access":[78],"controls\"":[79],"these":[81],"greatly":[84],"by":[86],"designed":[92],"from":[93,139],"start":[95],"for":[96],"security.":[97],"However,":[98],"bottom-line":[100],"conclusion":[101],"\"restructuring":[104],"is":[105],"essential\"":[106],"around":[107],"verifiable":[109],"\"security":[110],"kernel\"":[111],"before":[112],"(or":[115],"system)":[118],"an":[120],"open":[121],"environment":[122],"(as":[123],"today's":[125,155],"Internet)":[126],"with":[127],"existence":[129],"well-motivated":[131],"professional":[132],"attackers":[133],"employing":[134],"subversion.":[135],"The":[136],"lessons":[137],"learned":[138],"are":[143],"highly":[144],"applicable":[145],"today":[146],"as":[147],"governments":[148],"industry":[150],"strive":[151],"(unsuccessfully)":[152],"\"secure\"":[154],"weaker":[156],"operating":[157],"systems":[158],"through":[159],"add-ons,":[160],"\"hardening\",":[161],"intrusion":[163],"detection":[164],"schemes.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
