{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117560551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3649735","title":"Optical Wireless Communication in Atmosphere and Underwater: Statistical Models, Improvement Techniques, and Recent Applications","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication in Atmosphere and Underwater: Statistical Models, Improvement Techniques, and Recent Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117560551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3649735"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3649735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3649735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3649735","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067284890","display_name":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n Ata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7781-4182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155103","display_name":"Ostim Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/049xhb141","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155103"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n Ata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, OSTIM Technical University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7781-4182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, OSTIM Technical University, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069082126","display_name":"Farah Mahdi Al-Sallami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4896-2087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Mahdi Al-Sallami","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4896-2087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083310519","display_name":"Muhs\u0131n Caner G\u00f6k\u00e7e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4465-1983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhsin Caner G\u00f6k\u00e7e","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4465-1983","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074303469","display_name":"Anna Maria Vegni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-298X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","display_name":"Roma Tre University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf0dg29","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Maria Vegni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial, Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3069-298X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial, Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053829441","display_name":"Sujan Rajbhandari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-118X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujan Rajbhandari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-118X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073987849","display_name":"Yahya Baykal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-0474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166043","display_name":"Etimesgut Asker Hastanesi","ror":"https://ror.org/04kt0yt69","country_code":"TR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166043"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahya Baykal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Çankaya University, Etimesgut, Ankara, Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-0474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Çankaya University, Etimesgut, Ankara, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067284890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155103"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1893,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83141031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"4248","last_page":"4284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9505000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9505000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6794000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmosphere","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.3817000091075897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6794000267982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6263999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5209000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3649735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3649735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:95274","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/756670.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/95274/1/Ata-etal-IEEE-CST-2025-Optical-wireless-communication-in-atmosphere-and-underwater.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma3.it:11590/529500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11590/529500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196120","display_name":"Iris (Roma Tre University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","host_organization_name":"Roma Tre University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3649735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3649735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":311,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193367533","https://openalex.org/W214806434","https://openalex.org/W1491247725","https://openalex.org/W1500041086","https://openalex.org/W1556909464","https://openalex.org/W1581199306","https://openalex.org/W1685556564","https://openalex.org/W1825980438","https://openalex.org/W1911590525","https://openalex.org/W1961845250","https://openalex.org/W1969657507","https://openalex.org/W1969753304","https://openalex.org/W1973506485","https://openalex.org/W1979254282","https://openalex.org/W1980800315","https://openalex.org/W1981924964","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W1983330672","https://openalex.org/W1984725871","https://openalex.org/W1985549017","https://openalex.org/W1996310063","https://openalex.org/W1999255138","https://openalex.org/W2004274428","https://openalex.org/W2007410314","https://openalex.org/W2013318236","https://openalex.org/W2015740533","https://openalex.org/W2017566949","https://openalex.org/W2023904466","https://openalex.org/W2024665095","https://openalex.org/W2026348470","https://openalex.org/W2034032072","https://openalex.org/W2035585028","https://openalex.org/W2040049006","https://openalex.org/W2047451043","https://openalex.org/W2047539505","https://openalex.org/W2053335120","https://openalex.org/W2053636885","https://openalex.org/W2054631241","https://openalex.org/W2055476976","https://openalex.org/W2057812505","https://openalex.org/W2059028144","https://openalex.org/W2060019919","https://openalex.org/W2060072533","https://openalex.org/W2060802579","https://openalex.org/W2067021665","https://openalex.org/W2068243474","https://openalex.org/W2069556596","https://openalex.org/W2069662684","https://openalex.org/W2074731985","https://openalex.org/W2082854327","https://openalex.org/W2083728430","https://openalex.org/W2085023994","https://openalex.org/W2086195620","https://openalex.org/W2086789896","https://openalex.org/W2089359045","https://openalex.org/W2089682455","https://openalex.org/W2090239877","https://openalex.org/W2090439385","https://openalex.org/W2097548040","https://openalex.org/W2099651019","https://openalex.org/W2102547802","https://openalex.org/W2104210108","https://openalex.org/W2117571129","https://openalex.org/W2120827491","https://openalex.org/W2121164767","https://openalex.org/W2125117356","https://openalex.org/W2125641641","https://openalex.org/W2128482304","https://openalex.org/W2128851429","https://openalex.org/W2139102552","https://openalex.org/W2141138347","https://openalex.org/W2145318585","https://openalex.org/W2147049989","https://openalex.org/W2150838684","https://openalex.org/W2156010446","https://openalex.org/W2164450645","https://openalex.org/W2164962185","https://openalex.org/W2165210288","https://openalex.org/W2248980475","https://openalex.org/W2255106211","https://openalex.org/W2286327191","https://openalex.org/W2314378081","https://openalex.org/W2334434456","https://openalex.org/W2336491352","https://openalex.org/W2339011810","https://openalex.org/W2346963830","https://openalex.org/W2415611468","https://openalex.org/W2489660780","https://openalex.org/W2508054409","https://openalex.org/W2508546180","https://openalex.org/W2511038469","https://openalex.org/W2518548564","https://openalex.org/W2523196012","https://openalex.org/W2576014954","https://openalex.org/W2589913228","https://openalex.org/W2596590298","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2680011523","https://openalex.org/W2750847399","https://openalex.org/W2763696261","https://openalex.org/W2771210184","https://openalex.org/W2773664967","https://openalex.org/W2777247283","https://openalex.org/W2781788077","https://openalex.org/W2782196879","https://openalex.org/W2786437488","https://openalex.org/W2789388912","https://openalex.org/W2789554261","https://openalex.org/W2790962380","https://openalex.org/W2801162677","https://openalex.org/W2804961103","https://openalex.org/W2888845466","https://openalex.org/W2896407304","https://openalex.org/W2896632214","https://openalex.org/W2913947440","https://openalex.org/W2920059736","https://openalex.org/W2920253293","https://openalex.org/W2925730086","https://openalex.org/W2942447024","https://openalex.org/W2946455668","https://openalex.org/W2963622648","https://openalex.org/W2963870798","https://openalex.org/W2963969247","https://openalex.org/W2964218076","https://openalex.org/W2964346837","https://openalex.org/W2972629664","https://openalex.org/W2975526238","https://openalex.org/W2993791638","https://openalex.org/W2995355300","https://openalex.org/W2996666220","https://openalex.org/W3000699369","https://openalex.org/W3000859957","https://openalex.org/W3003599200","https://openalex.org/W3003670605","https://openalex.org/W3010686795","https://openalex.org/W3012155497","https://openalex.org/W3016299313","https://openalex.org/W3016427599","https://openalex.org/W3016628967","https://openalex.org/W3025383653","https://openalex.org/W3028742748","https://openalex.org/W3033701345","https://openalex.org/W3040434836","https://openalex.org/W3046791033","https://openalex.org/W3081012748","https://openalex.org/W3081524296","https://openalex.org/W3081616659","https://openalex.org/W3082806766","https://openalex.org/W3083708841","https://openalex.org/W3084085498","https://openalex.org/W3087154026","https://openalex.org/W3089080476","https://openalex.org/W3094593673","https://openalex.org/W3096625689","https://openalex.org/W3097488826","https://openalex.org/W3104252747","https://openalex.org/W3105338039","https://openalex.org/W3107886822","https://openalex.org/W3118755182","https://openalex.org/W3120724295","https://openalex.org/W3120808962","https://openalex.org/W3126890342","https://openalex.org/W3128093517","https://openalex.org/W3147123005","https://openalex.org/W3147278562","https://openalex.org/W3149631275","https://openalex.org/W3152301406","https://openalex.org/W3152688882","https://openalex.org/W3160828186","https://openalex.org/W3167128359","https://openalex.org/W3167492974","https://openalex.org/W3170724264","https://openalex.org/W3176800106","https://openalex.org/W3185069277","https://openalex.org/W3187134492","https://openalex.org/W3188948381","https://openalex.org/W3191325239","https://openalex.org/W3200661868","https://openalex.org/W3201706728","https://openalex.org/W3204444058","https://openalex.org/W3205189889","https://openalex.org/W3206205324","https://openalex.org/W3212061478","https://openalex.org/W3212878322","https://openalex.org/W3215192336","https://openalex.org/W3217169629","https://openalex.org/W4200591515","https://openalex.org/W4205341621","https://openalex.org/W4206556291","https://openalex.org/W4212810984","https://openalex.org/W4214901984","https://openalex.org/W4221015199","https://openalex.org/W4225567762","https://openalex.org/W4236909075","https://openalex.org/W4241214195","https://openalex.org/W4283273990","https://openalex.org/W4285229058","https://openalex.org/W4286656128","https://openalex.org/W4290998118","https://openalex.org/W4293193574","https://openalex.org/W4293196713","https://openalex.org/W4293797595","https://openalex.org/W4294811314","https://openalex.org/W4296205415","https://openalex.org/W4296914716","https://openalex.org/W4299908858","https://openalex.org/W4300864827","https://openalex.org/W4308944199","https://openalex.org/W4309202522","https://openalex.org/W4311739881","https://openalex.org/W4312233343","https://openalex.org/W4312428747","https://openalex.org/W4312560499","https://openalex.org/W4313024192","https://openalex.org/W4313034315","https://openalex.org/W4313839348","https://openalex.org/W4315473115","https://openalex.org/W4317802301","https://openalex.org/W4318764688","https://openalex.org/W4319786661","https://openalex.org/W4319878668","https://openalex.org/W4321194404","https://openalex.org/W4322207963","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4322730876","https://openalex.org/W4323644283","https://openalex.org/W4323665418","https://openalex.org/W4324325632","https://openalex.org/W4360976522","https://openalex.org/W4362584945","https://openalex.org/W4364304801","https://openalex.org/W4364321007","https://openalex.org/W4366489396","https://openalex.org/W4367032567","https://openalex.org/W4376478346","https://openalex.org/W4377047278","https://openalex.org/W4378714942","https://openalex.org/W4379528695","https://openalex.org/W4379796534","https://openalex.org/W4381162255","https://openalex.org/W4381429786","https://openalex.org/W4382317992","https://openalex.org/W4383220241","https://openalex.org/W4384008540","https://openalex.org/W4384080786","https://openalex.org/W4384304564","https://openalex.org/W4385655884","https://openalex.org/W4385655915","https://openalex.org/W4385768603","https://openalex.org/W4385834085","https://openalex.org/W4386212653","https://openalex.org/W4386324891","https://openalex.org/W4386536403","https://openalex.org/W4388116530","https://openalex.org/W4388486489","https://openalex.org/W4388505197","https://openalex.org/W4388873041","https://openalex.org/W4389331423","https://openalex.org/W4389478988","https://openalex.org/W4389542144","https://openalex.org/W4389610360","https://openalex.org/W4389633753","https://openalex.org/W4389941829","https://openalex.org/W4390174868","https://openalex.org/W4390691341","https://openalex.org/W4391165178","https://openalex.org/W4391235278","https://openalex.org/W4391341761","https://openalex.org/W4391454495","https://openalex.org/W4391582441","https://openalex.org/W4391807476","https://openalex.org/W4392251793","https://openalex.org/W4392309156","https://openalex.org/W4392406117","https://openalex.org/W4392607787","https://openalex.org/W4392939848","https://openalex.org/W4392939852","https://openalex.org/W4393285818","https://openalex.org/W4393317402","https://openalex.org/W4394628800","https://openalex.org/W4394828106","https://openalex.org/W4396814628","https://openalex.org/W4396817455","https://openalex.org/W4396892310","https://openalex.org/W4396909901","https://openalex.org/W4399292493","https://openalex.org/W4399938948","https://openalex.org/W4399939570","https://openalex.org/W4399939588","https://openalex.org/W4400033459","https://openalex.org/W4400070935","https://openalex.org/W4400188705","https://openalex.org/W4400230046","https://openalex.org/W4401280876","https://openalex.org/W4401415641","https://openalex.org/W4401452552","https://openalex.org/W4401567613","https://openalex.org/W4401718419","https://openalex.org/W4401808801","https://openalex.org/W4402062691","https://openalex.org/W4402222993","https://openalex.org/W4402288776","https://openalex.org/W4402731905","https://openalex.org/W4403826439","https://openalex.org/W4404102332","https://openalex.org/W4404365715","https://openalex.org/W4405458550","https://openalex.org/W4405846487","https://openalex.org/W4407830069","https://openalex.org/W4409991798","https://openalex.org/W4410358688"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"Wireless":[1],"Communication":[2],"Systems":[3],"(OWCSs)":[4],"are":[5,16,28,145,168,179],"becoming":[6],"more":[7],"popular":[8],"each":[9],"day,":[10],"especially":[11],"after":[12],"numerous":[13],"mobile":[14],"applications":[15],"being":[17],"employed":[18,150],"within":[19],"the":[20,45,54,59,70,75,85,97,104,110,131,174],"concept":[21],"of":[22,24,48,53,136,193],"Internet":[23],"Things":[25],"(IoT).":[26],"OWCSs":[27],"largely":[29],"used":[30,114],"in":[31,78,100,108,120,151],"both":[32],"terrestrial":[33],"and":[34,40,112,126,143,164],"non-terrestrial":[35],"environments,":[36],"like":[37,123],"underwater,":[38],"air,":[39,124],"space":[41],"scenarios.":[42],"Due":[43],"to":[44,73,93,96,115],"large":[46],"applicability":[47],"OWCS,":[49,109,137],"it":[50],"represents":[51],"one":[52],"main":[55],"candidate":[56],"technologies":[57],"for":[58,189],"future":[60,184],"6G":[61],"wireless":[62],"communication":[63],"systems.":[64],"Naturally,":[65],"this":[66,88,101,129],"market":[67],"trend":[68],"forces":[69],"system":[71],"designers":[72],"reach":[74],"best":[76],"performance":[77],"their":[79,117,140],"designs,":[80],"as":[81,83,154],"well":[82],"optimize":[84],"cost.":[86],"In":[87,128],"survey":[89],"paper,":[90],"we":[91,172],"intend":[92],"provide":[94],"information":[95],"researchers":[98,178],"working":[99],"field":[102],"on":[103,133,186],"statistical":[105],"models":[106],"adopted":[107],"methods":[111],"techniques":[113,149],"improve":[116],"performances,":[118],"mainly":[119],"outdoor":[121],"environment":[122],"space,":[125],"underwater.":[127],"respect,":[130],"background":[132],"theoretical":[134],"aspects":[135],"together":[138,182],"with":[139,183],"benefits,":[141],"limitations":[142],"challenges":[144,176],"presented.":[146],"Performance":[147],"improvement":[148],"OWCSs,":[152],"such":[153],"power":[155],"increase,":[156],"partial":[157],"coherence,":[158],"beamforming,":[159],"aperture":[160],"averaging,":[161],"spatial":[162],"diversity,":[163],"intelligent":[165],"reflecting":[166],"surfaces,":[167],"also":[169],"introduced.":[170],"Finally,":[171],"discuss":[173],"open":[175],"that":[177],"still":[180],"facing,":[181],"directions":[185],"next":[187],"steps":[188],"a":[190],"large-scale":[191],"adoption":[192],"OWCS.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-18T08:16:58.900851","created_date":"2025-12-30T00:00:00"}