{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414229429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3610357","title":"Quantum Machine Learning for 6G Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground Integrated Networks: A Comprehensive Tutorial and Survey","display_name":"Quantum Machine Learning for 6G Space\u2013Air\u2013Ground Integrated Networks: A Comprehensive Tutorial and Survey","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414229429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3610357"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3610357","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3610357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044963028","display_name":"Sheikh Salman Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5317-6494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheikh Salman Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Imaging, Data and Communications, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Engineering, Institute for Imaging, Data, and Communications, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5317-6494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Imaging, Data and Communications, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute for Imaging, Data, and Communications, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015854563","display_name":"Latif U. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Latif U. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi University, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi University, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080491022","display_name":"Yu Min Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-4500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Min Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-4500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916222","display_name":"Mohsen Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Learning Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115775832","display_name":"Tharmalingam Ratnarajah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tharmalingam Ratnarajah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, U.S"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7636-1246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, U.S","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034052371","display_name":"Choong Seon Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-7333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choong Seon Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-7333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9622,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86558209,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"3710","last_page":"3750"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9182999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9064000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.6744999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-driven","display_name":"Data-driven","score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integration","display_name":"Data integration","score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-technologies","display_name":"Emerging technologies","score":0.2824000120162964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7157999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.6744999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.567799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.46149998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5320026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122216","display_name":"Quantum information science","level":4,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665453","display_name":"System integration","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3610357","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3610357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G528674516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2025-RS-2023-00258649","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F8552018404","funder_display_name":"Military Institute of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F8552018404","display_name":"Military Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/007jk3x13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":156,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108218230","https://openalex.org/W266794195","https://openalex.org/W1409569118","https://openalex.org/W1526481195","https://openalex.org/W1579786114","https://openalex.org/W1620538313","https://openalex.org/W1900181948","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1963736202","https://openalex.org/W1968493380","https://openalex.org/W1974703538","https://openalex.org/W1980073965","https://openalex.org/W1984021697","https://openalex.org/W1988916413","https://openalex.org/W1999706070","https://openalex.org/W2007229782","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2028406173","https://openalex.org/W2044399721","https://openalex.org/W2049259066","https://openalex.org/W2056189906","https://openalex.org/W2058124214","https://openalex.org/W2061494001","https://openalex.org/W2062258079","https://openalex.org/W2092105345","https://openalex.org/W2103956991","https://openalex.org/W2106886959","https://openalex.org/W2110587309","https://openalex.org/W2114207424","https://openalex.org/W2118822801","https://openalex.org/W2132764286","https://openalex.org/W2135273380","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2143691489","https://openalex.org/W2145071552","https://openalex.org/W2158993297","https://openalex.org/W2181067111","https://openalex.org/W2200358722","https://openalex.org/W2257937122","https://openalex.org/W2335743840","https://openalex.org/W2484805601","https://openalex.org/W2530658632","https://openalex.org/W2559394418","https://openalex.org/W2562526363","https://openalex.org/W2593019179","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2625391599","https://openalex.org/W2625737531","https://openalex.org/W2728092904","https://openalex.org/W2755255888","https://openalex.org/W2767121113","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2790659955","https://openalex.org/W2792315573","https://openalex.org/W2792946961","https://openalex.org/W2796293949","https://openalex.org/W2798434869","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2809684781","https://openalex.org/W2889126882","https://openalex.org/W2896712926","https://openalex.org/W2929612105","https://openalex.org/W2948602808","https://openalex.org/W2950863887","https://openalex.org/W2955338161","https://openalex.org/W2959720248","https://openalex.org/W2962804345","https://openalex.org/W2963809228","https://openalex.org/W2980446414","https://openalex.org/W2995742898","https://openalex.org/W3004965358","https://openalex.org/W3005397520","https://openalex.org/W3009313620","https://openalex.org/W3015667706","https://openalex.org/W3038067977","https://openalex.org/W3041148953","https://openalex.org/W3045716272","https://openalex.org/W3075559820","https://openalex.org/W3090365491","https://openalex.org/W3094656610","https://openalex.org/W3096052452","https://openalex.org/W3105426942","https://openalex.org/W3106887093","https://openalex.org/W3107898488","https://openalex.org/W3109024997","https://openalex.org/W3109356043","https://openalex.org/W3111162498","https://openalex.org/W3116704261","https://openalex.org/W3132743969","https://openalex.org/W3148001159","https://openalex.org/W3195111739","https://openalex.org/W3203457937","https://openalex.org/W3211598836","https://openalex.org/W3213744715","https://openalex.org/W3215230729","https://openalex.org/W3216228299","https://openalex.org/W4200197520","https://openalex.org/W4205899063","https://openalex.org/W4212943826","https://openalex.org/W4221161334","https://openalex.org/W4225392202","https://openalex.org/W4237171445","https://openalex.org/W4243072198","https://openalex.org/W4248694960","https://openalex.org/W4289552352","https://openalex.org/W4289717617","https://openalex.org/W4293171638","https://openalex.org/W4296126438","https://openalex.org/W4296615519","https://openalex.org/W4312321341","https://openalex.org/W4312869638","https://openalex.org/W4315926993","https://openalex.org/W4323644127","https://openalex.org/W4366258763","https://openalex.org/W4366667988","https://openalex.org/W4380607242","https://openalex.org/W4381856556","https://openalex.org/W4385444708","https://openalex.org/W4385756467","https://openalex.org/W4386232364","https://openalex.org/W4388107615","https://openalex.org/W4388196354","https://openalex.org/W4388196683","https://openalex.org/W4388666055","https://openalex.org/W4388941320","https://openalex.org/W4389319222","https://openalex.org/W4390738468","https://openalex.org/W4392003812","https://openalex.org/W4392172805","https://openalex.org/W4393144916","https://openalex.org/W4394019164","https://openalex.org/W4394862759","https://openalex.org/W4394888530","https://openalex.org/W4396817532","https://openalex.org/W4397026548","https://openalex.org/W4399665827","https://openalex.org/W4400933685","https://openalex.org/W4401607816","https://openalex.org/W4401635099","https://openalex.org/W4402626657","https://openalex.org/W4402626662","https://openalex.org/W4402744950","https://openalex.org/W4403277040","https://openalex.org/W4403277906","https://openalex.org/W4403278185","https://openalex.org/W4403279374","https://openalex.org/W4403279487","https://openalex.org/W4403279540","https://openalex.org/W4403420421","https://openalex.org/W4404101446","https://openalex.org/W4404819407","https://openalex.org/W4407316165","https://openalex.org/W4408096204","https://openalex.org/W4408324252","https://openalex.org/W4411061038","https://openalex.org/W4411358705"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Space-air-ground":[0],"integrated":[1],"networks":[2,166],"(SAGINs)":[3],"are":[4,78],"emerging":[5],"as":[6,41,191],"a":[7,42,93,117,178,192,214,229],"fundamental":[8],"architecture":[9],"for":[10,45,63,80,121,181,232],"6G":[11,165],"systems":[12],"to":[13,35,68,82,145,151,217],"enable":[14,83],"massive":[15],"connectivity,":[16],"novel":[17],"applications,":[18],"extreme":[19],"data":[20,70],"rates,":[21],"ultra-low":[22],"latency,":[23],"and":[24,47,71,115,131,149,172,186,226],"multi-dimensional":[25],"networking.":[26],"The":[27,174],"complex":[28],"nature":[29],"of":[30,99,164,205,222,239],"SAGINs":[31,84,183],"has":[32],"driven":[33],"researchers":[34,185],"explore":[36],"classical":[37],"machine":[38],"learning":[39],"(CML)":[40],"powerful":[43],"tool":[44],"modeling":[46],"optimizing":[48],"these":[49],"multi-layer":[50],"networks.":[51],"Although":[52],"CML":[53,81],"offers":[54],"many":[55],"benefits,":[56],"it":[57],"will":[58],"suffer":[59],"from":[60],"exponential":[61],"complexity":[62,163],"SAGIN":[64,109],"design,":[65],"mainly":[66],"due":[67],"high-dimensional":[69],"problem":[72],"spaces.":[73],"Therefore,":[74],"the":[75,97,161,202,219,234],"NP-hard":[76],"problems":[77],"challenging":[79],"efficiently.":[85],"To":[86],"address":[87],"this":[88],"critical":[89,230],"challenge,":[90],"we":[91],"present":[92],"comprehensive":[94,179],"survey":[95],"examining":[96],"integration":[98,129],"quantum":[100,139],"ML":[101],"(QML)":[102],"with":[103],"SAGINs.":[104],"We":[105,125,155],"systematically":[106],"evaluate":[107],"quantum-enhanced":[108,182],"technologies":[110,225],"through":[111],"detailed":[112],"performance":[113],"metrics":[114],"create":[116],"new":[118],"classification":[119],"system":[120],"hybrid":[122],"network":[123,169],"architectures.":[124],"thoroughly":[126],"examine":[127,201],"key":[128],"strategies":[130],"analyze":[132],"major":[133],"technical":[134],"challenges,":[135],"which":[136,212],"include":[137],"how":[138,144,150,157],"states":[140],"degrade":[141],"in":[142,207],"space,":[143],"distribute":[146],"resources":[147],"optimally,":[148],"develop":[152],"security":[153],"protocols.":[154],"show":[156],"QML":[158,206],"can":[159,189],"solve":[160],"growing":[162,236],"by":[167],"improving":[168],"capacity,":[170],"intelligence,":[171],"security.":[173],"research":[175],"also":[176,227],"creates":[177],"framework":[180],"that":[184],"industry":[187],"professionals":[188],"use":[190],"guide":[193],"when":[194],"developing":[195],"next-generation":[196],"communication":[197,241],"systems.":[198],"Our":[199],"findings":[200],"transformative":[203],"potential":[204],"reshaping":[208],"global":[209],"communications":[210],"infrastructure,":[211],"presents":[213],"structured":[215],"approach":[216],"navigating":[218],"intricate":[220],"challenges":[221],"advanced":[223],"networking":[224],"provides":[228],"pathway":[231],"addressing":[233],"exponentially":[235],"computational":[237],"demands":[238],"future":[240],"ecosystems.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}