{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413155534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3598406","title":"A Comprehensive Tutorial and Survey of O-RAN: Exploring Slicing-Aware Architecture, Deployment Options, Use Cases, and Challenges","display_name":"A Comprehensive Tutorial and Survey of O-RAN: Exploring Slicing-Aware Architecture, Deployment Options, Use Cases, and Challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413155534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3598406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3598406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3598406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012703439","display_name":"Khurshid Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3344-8629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khurshid Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Networks, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","Department of Intelligent Networks IN, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence DFKI, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3344-8629","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Networks, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Networks IN, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence DFKI, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013819636","display_name":"Mohammad Asif Habibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9874-0047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Asif Habibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Division of Wireless Communications and Radio Navigation, University of Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Kaiserslautern, Germany","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EIT, Division of Wireless Communications and Radio Navigation WiCoN, University of Kaiserslautern RPTU, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9874-0047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Division of Wireless Communications and Radio Navigation, University of Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EIT, Division of Wireless Communications and Radio Navigation WiCoN, University of Kaiserslautern RPTU, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048916138","display_name":"Matthias Tammen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Tammen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Division of Wireless Communications and Radio Navigation, University of Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Kaiserslautern, Germany","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EIT, Division of Wireless Communications and Radio Navigation WiCoN, University of Kaiserslautern RPTU, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4599-8876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Division of Wireless Communications and Radio Navigation, University of Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EIT, Division of Wireless Communications and Radio Navigation WiCoN, University of Kaiserslautern RPTU, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055050743","display_name":"Dennis Krummacker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-4870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Krummacker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Networks, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","Department of Intelligent Networks IN, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence DFKI, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-4870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Networks, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Networks IN, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence DFKI, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024108653","display_name":"Walid Saad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137942","display_name":"D-Tech (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03tw6b878","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Virginia, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-2458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Virginia, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137942","https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081612175","display_name":"Marco Di Renzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-8793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097418","display_name":"Laboratoire des signaux et syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/00skw9v43","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210097418","https://openalex.org/I4210107720"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Di Renzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes, Gif-sur-Yvette, France","CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-8793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes, Gif-sur-Yvette, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097418","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097418","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054337759","display_name":"Tommaso Melodia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-1789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tommaso Melodia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-1789","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086187463","display_name":"Xavier Costa\u2010P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-6109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164122","display_name":"NEC (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxss661","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220","https://openalex.org/I4210164122"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Costa-P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G Networks R&D Department, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","6G Networks R and D Department, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9654-6109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G Networks R&D Department, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164122"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G Networks R and D Department, NEC Laboratories Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056145687","display_name":"M\u00e9rouane Debbah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e9rouane Debbah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, 6G Research Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-8080","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, 6G Research Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ashutosh Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802946424","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/029pp9z10","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashutosh Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA","Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-9395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008473850","display_name":"Hans D. Schotten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33256026","display_name":"German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/01ayc5b57","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans D. Schotten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Networks, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","Department of Intelligent Networks IN, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence DFKI, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5005-3635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Networks, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Networks IN, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence DFKI, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012703439"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33256026"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.2199,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9906947,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"1637","last_page":"1678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9599999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9122999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.7945787906646729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran","display_name":"Ran","score":0.7888846397399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slicing","display_name":"Slicing","score":0.709397554397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6100669503211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5677056312561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3579670190811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3213258385658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.26801633834838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1610688865184784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.110725998878479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.7945787906646729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.7888846397399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488148","display_name":"Slicing","level":2,"score":0.709397554397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6100669503211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5677056312561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3579670190811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3213258385658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.26801633834838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1610688865184784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.110725998878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3598406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3598406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3964902863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KISK186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4189807842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KISK004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4323006697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KISK003K","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324070","display_name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania","ror":"https://ror.org/00dh5gw98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":135,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1750985709","https://openalex.org/W2587087058","https://openalex.org/W2605289347","https://openalex.org/W2793519446","https://openalex.org/W2806109151","https://openalex.org/W2808617274","https://openalex.org/W2899409231","https://openalex.org/W2944664390","https://openalex.org/W2947339514","https://openalex.org/W2947529477","https://openalex.org/W2955338161","https://openalex.org/W3005188651","https://openalex.org/W3008924942","https://openalex.org/W3010109240","https://openalex.org/W3012871996","https://openalex.org/W3021299442","https://openalex.org/W3024206064","https://openalex.org/W3025372446","https://openalex.org/W3028002358","https://openalex.org/W3037103914","https://openalex.org/W3046200519","https://openalex.org/W3049102502","https://openalex.org/W3049145600","https://openalex.org/W3088701509","https://openalex.org/W3089275246","https://openalex.org/W3109191440","https://openalex.org/W3109766156","https://openalex.org/W3110381504","https://openalex.org/W3126686235","https://openalex.org/W3134779518","https://openalex.org/W3135397602","https://openalex.org/W3158459370","https://openalex.org/W3159520030","https://openalex.org/W3159777983","https://openalex.org/W3195658101","https://openalex.org/W3201082120","https://openalex.org/W3205485089","https://openalex.org/W3205936112","https://openalex.org/W3207047766","https://openalex.org/W3207330630","https://openalex.org/W3207648374","https://openalex.org/W3217596786","https://openalex.org/W4200321064","https://openalex.org/W4200498924","https://openalex.org/W4200557660","https://openalex.org/W4206807133","https://openalex.org/W4206986183","https://openalex.org/W4210482483","https://openalex.org/W4220689581","https://openalex.org/W4220768932","https://openalex.org/W4224880565","https://openalex.org/W4225563511","https://openalex.org/W4226395110","https://openalex.org/W4226451377","https://openalex.org/W4280632860","https://openalex.org/W4284896776","https://openalex.org/W4285167612","https://openalex.org/W4285243919","https://openalex.org/W4285736135","https://openalex.org/W4287887122","https://openalex.org/W4289655077","https://openalex.org/W4294306393","https://openalex.org/W4308839864","https://openalex.org/W4310716661","https://openalex.org/W4312712983","https://openalex.org/W4313067193","https://openalex.org/W4317796310","https://openalex.org/W4323645964","https://openalex.org/W4323646083","https://openalex.org/W4328053442","https://openalex.org/W4353046697","https://openalex.org/W4353073790","https://openalex.org/W4365790147","https://openalex.org/W4366148619","https://openalex.org/W4377021477","https://openalex.org/W4383466386","https://openalex.org/W4383899788","https://openalex.org/W4385805180","https://openalex.org/W4386248971","https://openalex.org/W4386248978","https://openalex.org/W4386494597","https://openalex.org/W4387489662","https://openalex.org/W4387717669","https://openalex.org/W4387872831","https://openalex.org/W4388019302","https://openalex.org/W4388757833","https://openalex.org/W4389104700","https://openalex.org/W4389104783","https://openalex.org/W4389104915","https://openalex.org/W4389169760","https://openalex.org/W4389297751","https://openalex.org/W4389542096","https://openalex.org/W4389633790","https://openalex.org/W4390357462","https://openalex.org/W4391540976","https://openalex.org/W4391691338","https://openalex.org/W4391929662","https://openalex.org/W4391935940","https://openalex.org/W4392026544","https://openalex.org/W4392184760","https://openalex.org/W4392667145","https://openalex.org/W4392932802","https://openalex.org/W4393380340","https://openalex.org/W4394586155","https://openalex.org/W4394994316","https://openalex.org/W4395069637","https://openalex.org/W4396754474","https://openalex.org/W4396853421","https://openalex.org/W4399525892","https://openalex.org/W4400277432","https://openalex.org/W4400770661","https://openalex.org/W4400810368","https://openalex.org/W4401070294","https://openalex.org/W4401538741","https://openalex.org/W4401540267","https://openalex.org/W4401747359","https://openalex.org/W4403277840","https://openalex.org/W4404102743","https://openalex.org/W4404941463","https://openalex.org/W4405014150","https://openalex.org/W4405520320","https://openalex.org/W4405626024","https://openalex.org/W4405812520","https://openalex.org/W4405993315","https://openalex.org/W4406207817","https://openalex.org/W4406356453","https://openalex.org/W4406356751","https://openalex.org/W4407127511","https://openalex.org/W4407246947","https://openalex.org/W4407383783","https://openalex.org/W4408697418","https://openalex.org/W4411142817","https://openalex.org/W4411232612","https://openalex.org/W4411232805","https://openalex.org/W4411447239"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1766728438","https://openalex.org/W1668090144","https://openalex.org/W2504993638","https://openalex.org/W2083168956","https://openalex.org/W2980853820","https://openalex.org/W404373762","https://openalex.org/W2186004379","https://openalex.org/W2107427363","https://openalex.org/W2132764178","https://openalex.org/W2090788874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Open-radio":[0],"access":[1],"network":[2,78,93,98,104,147,162],"(O-RAN)":[3],"seeks":[4],"to":[5,100,144,251],"establish":[6],"the":[7,38,87,91,96,113,130,137,192,202,214,223,236,239,257,263],"principles":[8],"of":[9,43,71,86,108,117,161,170,191,227,238,246],"openness,":[10],"programmability,":[11],"automation,":[12],"intelligence,":[13],"and":[14,19,26,31,41,57,65,95,115,134,139,176,182,195,225,229,242],"hardware-software":[15],"disaggregation":[16],"with":[17,83,188,206],"interoperable":[18],"standard-compliant":[20],"interfaces.":[21],"It":[22,233],"advocates":[23],"for":[24,77,222],"multi-vendorism":[25],"multi-stakeholderism":[27],"within":[28],"a":[29,158],"cloudified":[30],"virtualized":[32],"wireless":[33],"infrastructure,":[34],"aimed":[35],"at":[36],"enhancing":[37],"deployment,":[39],"operation,":[40],"management":[42],"RAN":[44,228],"architecture.":[45],"These":[46],"enhancements":[47],"promise":[48],"increased":[49],"flexibility,":[50],"performance":[51],"optimization,":[52],"service":[53],"innovation,":[54],"energy":[55],"efficiency,":[56],"cost":[58],"effectiveness":[59],"across":[60],"fifth-generation":[61],"(5G),":[62],"sixth-generation":[63],"(6G),":[64],"beyond":[66],"networks.":[67],"A":[68],"silent":[69],"feature":[70,110],"O-RAN":[72,165,174,204,217,252],"architecture":[73,205],"is":[74],"its":[75,210],"support":[76],"slicing,":[79],"which":[80],"entails":[81],"interaction":[82],"other":[84],"domains":[85],"cellular":[88],"network,":[89],"notably":[90],"transport":[92],"(TN)":[94],"core":[97],"(CN),":[99],"realize":[101],"end-to-end":[102],"(E2E)":[103],"slicing.":[105,253],"The":[106,185],"study":[107],"this":[109,124,153,155],"requires":[111],"exploring":[112],"stances":[114],"contributions":[116],"diverse":[118],"standards":[119],"development":[120],"organizations":[121],"(SDOs).":[122],"In":[123],"context,":[125],"we":[126],"note":[127],"that":[128],"despite":[129],"ongoing":[131],"industrial":[132],"deployments":[133],"standardization":[135,140,194],"efforts,":[136],"research":[138,177,259],"communities":[141],"have":[142],"yet":[143],"comprehensively":[145],"address":[146,152],"slicing":[148,163,211,237],"in":[149,164],"O-RAN.":[150],"To":[151],"gap,":[154],"paper":[156,186,215],"provides":[157,243],"comprehensive":[159],"exploration":[160],"through":[166],"an":[167,189,207,244],"in-depth":[168],"review":[169],"specification":[171],"documents":[172],"from":[173,179],"Alliance":[175],"papers":[178],"leading":[180],"industry":[181],"academic":[183],"institutions.":[184],"commences":[187],"overview":[190,245],"relevant":[193],"open":[196],"source":[197],"contributions,":[198],"subsequently":[199],"delving":[200],"into":[201],"latest":[203],"emphasis":[208],"on":[209],"aspects.":[212],"Furthermore,":[213],"explores":[216],"deployment":[218,224],"scenarios,":[219],"examining":[220],"options":[221],"orchestration":[226],"TN":[230],"slice":[231],"subnets.":[232],"also":[234],"discusses":[235],"underlying":[240],"infrastructure":[241],"various":[247],"use":[248],"cases":[249],"related":[250],"Finally,":[254],"it":[255],"summarizes":[256],"potential":[258],"challenges":[260],"identified":[261],"throughout":[262],"study.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-01-02T23:11:23.791532","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}