{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411948496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3585091","title":"A Survey on LoRaWAN MAC Schemes: From Conventional Solutions to AI-Driven Protocols","display_name":"A Survey on LoRaWAN MAC Schemes: From Conventional Solutions to AI-Driven Protocols","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411948496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3585091"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3585091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3585091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2025.3585091","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071903457","display_name":"Hanan Alahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-9935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanan Alahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-9935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015991480","display_name":"Fatma Bouabdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9876-8186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I897542642","display_name":"University of Plymouth","ror":"https://ror.org/008n7pv89","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatma Bouabdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, U.K","School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I897542642"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023246930","display_name":"Ahmed Al\u2010Dubai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-5540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Al-Dubai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-5540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002269681","display_name":"Baraq Ghaleb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8361-0634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baraq Ghaleb","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8361-0634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062211930","display_name":"Amir Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-082X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8080-082X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005020243","display_name":"Vinay Chamola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-3060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinay Chamola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and APPCAIR, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani, India","Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and APPCAIR, BITS-Pilani, Pilani Campus, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-3060","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and APPCAIR, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and APPCAIR, BITS-Pilani, Pilani Campus, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089032960","display_name":"Ammar Hawbani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-3993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125904092","display_name":"Shenyang Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/02423gm04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125904092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Hawbani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-3993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125904092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061568038","display_name":"Liang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5829-6850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125904092","display_name":"Shenyang Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/02423gm04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125904092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5829-6850","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125904092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420016","display_name":"F. Richard Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Richard Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071903457"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69244155,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"2650","last_page":"2690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6781354546546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48972395062446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3980211615562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2226148247718811}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6781354546546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48972395062446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3980211615562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2226148247718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3585091","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3585091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository@napier.ac.uk:4617254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2025.3585091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402591","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository@napier.ac.uk:4617254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2025.3585091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402591","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Long":[0],"Range":[1],"(LoRa)":[2],"networks":[3,139],"have":[4,91,111],"emerged":[5],"as":[6,69],"a":[7,163,178,215],"vital":[8],"solution":[9],"catering":[10],"to":[11,102,104,196],"applications":[12,75],"requiring":[13],"coverage":[14],"over":[15],"relatively":[16],"long":[17],"distances":[18],"in":[19,59,85,166,230],"the":[20,38,70,97,128,133,142,182,193,212],"world":[21],"of":[22,24,37,61,137,181,217],"Internet":[23],"Things":[25],"(IoT),":[26],"where":[27],"connectivity":[28],"and":[29,42,94,122,135,147,207,221],"efficient":[30],"data":[31,148],"transmission":[32],"are":[33],"paramount.":[34],"LoRa\u2019s":[35],"utilization":[36],"unlicensed":[39],"Industrial,":[40],"Scientific,":[41],"Medical":[43],"(ISM)":[44],"band":[45],"not":[46],"only":[47],"underscores":[48],"its":[49,82,106,198],"cost-effectiveness":[50],"but":[51],"also":[52],"positions":[53],"it":[54,185],"favorably":[55],"against":[56],"licensed":[57],"technologies":[58],"terms":[60],"deployment":[62],"cost.":[63],"Consequently,":[64],"LoRa":[65,89,138],"has":[66,100],"been":[67],"used":[68],"underlying":[71],"communication":[72],"technology":[73],"for":[74,227],"across":[76],"various":[77],"industrial":[78],"IoT":[79,87],"scenarios.":[80],"Despite":[81],"immense":[83],"promise":[84],"reshaping":[86],"connectivity,":[88],"does":[90],"some":[92],"shortcomings":[93],"challenges":[95],"that":[96,190],"research":[98,119,219,229],"community":[99],"yet":[101],"address":[103],"unleash":[105],"full":[107],"potential.":[108],"These":[109],"limitations":[110,189],"triggered":[112],"substantial":[113],"attention":[114],"from":[115],"diverse":[116],"entities,":[117],"including":[118,201],"institutions,":[120],"organizations,":[121],"industry":[123],"stakeholders.":[124],"This":[125],"paper":[126,176,213],"reviews":[127],"literature":[129],"aimed":[130],"at":[131,141],"improving":[132],"capacity":[134],"scalability":[136],"specifically":[140],"Medium":[143],"Access":[144],"Control":[145],"(MAC)":[146],"link":[149],"layers.":[150],"Unlike":[151],"other":[152],"surveys,":[153],"this":[154,231],"study":[155],"focuses":[156],"on":[157,187],"these":[158,218],"layers":[159],"because":[160],"they":[161],"play":[162],"pivotal":[164],"role":[165],"managing":[167],"collision":[168],"rates,":[169],"which":[170],"significantly":[171],"impact":[172],"network":[173],"scalability.":[174],"The":[175],"suggests":[177],"comprehensive":[179],"review":[180],"literature,":[183],"organizing":[184],"based":[186],"key":[188],"could":[191],"hinder":[192],"network\u2019s":[194],"ability":[195],"meet":[197],"performance":[199],"objectives,":[200],"scalability,":[202],"Packet":[203],"Delivery":[204],"Ratio":[205],"(PDR),":[206],"energy":[208],"efficiency.":[209],"In":[210],"addition,":[211],"provides":[214],"summary":[216],"efforts":[220],"offers":[222],"insight":[223],"into":[224],"potential":[225],"directions":[226],"future":[228],"area.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T09:01:20.584952","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
