{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410152922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3567765","title":"A Systematic Survey and Comparative Analysis of Angular-Based Indoor Localization and Positioning Technologies","display_name":"A Systematic Survey and Comparative Analysis of Angular-Based Indoor Localization and Positioning Technologies","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410152922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3567765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3567765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3567765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3567765","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101940367","display_name":"Georg Fischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-1061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801198184","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/00csq2k70","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georg K. J. Fischer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1460-1061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021185231","display_name":"Thomas Schaechtle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-4213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801198184","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/00csq2k70","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Schaechtle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5304-4213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028816804","display_name":"Andrea Gabbrielli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3167-760X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Gabbrielli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3167-760X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048567417","display_name":"Joan Bordoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3575-6513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan Bordoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047343453","display_name":"Ivo H\u00e4ring","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0318-6133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801198184","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/00csq2k70","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivo H\u00e4ring","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0318-6133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fabian H\u00f6flinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-172X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801198184","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut","ror":"https://ror.org/00csq2k70","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian H\u00f6flinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-172X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics, Ernst-Mach-Institut, EMI, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077049094","display_name":"Stefan J. Rupitsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4806-9838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan J. Rupitsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4806-9838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101940367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801198184"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7686,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96122945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"3830","last_page":"3869"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45987170934677124}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45987170934677124}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3567765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3567765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:freidok.uni-freiburg.de:265980","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/265980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401057","display_name":"FreiDok plus (Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Freiburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","host_organization_name":"University of Freiburg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. - 28 (2026) , 3830-3869, ISSN: 1553-877X","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3567765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3567765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2911884687","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"03EE3066D","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4303701741","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3464512933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FKZ: 03EE3066D Verbundvorhaben LoCA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320999","funder_display_name":"The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8628710091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FKZ 13N16818 Verbundprojekt FreiburgRESIST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324070","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4303701741","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320999","display_name":"The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment","ror":"https://ror.org/008d1xp69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324070","display_name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania","ror":"https://ror.org/00dh5gw98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Angle-of-Arrival":[0],"(AoA),":[1],"as":[2,4,106,166,181,183,218,220],"well":[3,182,219],"Angle-of-Departure":[5],"(AoD)":[6],"localization":[7,13,36,80,130,177,197],"are":[8,164,188],"general":[9],"principles":[10,22],"for":[11,94,175,216],"performing":[12],"based":[14],"on":[15,78,162,227],"angular":[16],"measurements.":[17],"In":[18,39,113],"recent":[19],"years,":[20],"these":[21],"have":[23],"been":[24],"gaining":[25],"interest":[26],"over":[27],"more":[28,99],"traditional":[29],"techniques":[30],"in":[31,110,144,205],"the":[32,69,97,125,133,206,228],"field":[33,126],"of":[34,47,60,71,85,103,124,127,172,208],"indoor":[35,104,129,209],"and":[37,44,74,92,121,156,160,190],"positioning.":[38],"contrast":[40],"to":[41,108,200,222],"Time-of-Arrival":[42],"(ToA)":[43],"Time":[45],"Difference":[46],"Arrival":[48],"(TDoA)-based":[49],"localization,":[50,210],"AoA":[51],"may":[52],"do":[53],"so":[54],"without":[55],"requiring":[56],"a":[57,82,118,169,202,214,224],"high":[58],"number":[59],"anchor":[61],"nodes":[62],"or":[63],"effective":[64],"synchronization":[65],"between":[66,186],"them,":[67],"with":[68,88,96],"trade-off":[70],"higher":[72],"hardware":[73],"algorithmic":[75],"complexity.":[76],"Research":[77],"angular-based":[79,176,196],"encompasses":[81],"wide":[83],"range":[84],"technologies,":[86,187],"each":[87],"its":[89],"own":[90],"advantages":[91],"disadvantages":[93],"dealing":[95],"generally":[98],"complex":[100],"propagation":[101],"channels":[102],"environments,":[105],"opposed":[107],"those":[109],"outdoor":[111],"settings.":[112],"this":[114,211],"contribution,":[115],"we":[116],"perform":[117],"systematic":[119],"survey":[120],"meta":[122],"analysis":[123],"angularbased":[128],"systems,":[131],"covering":[132],"technologies:":[134],"Acoustic":[135],"Positioning,":[136,142],"Wi-Fi,":[137],"Bluetooth,":[138],"Ultra-Wideband":[139],"(UWB),":[140],"Light-based":[141],"Positioning":[143],"Cellular":[145],"Networks":[146],"(like":[147],"5G),":[148],"mmWave,":[149],"Terahertz-band":[150],"Localization,":[151],"Radio":[152],"Frequency":[153],"Identification":[154],"(RFID),":[155],"RADAR.":[157],"The":[158],"research":[159,192],"literature":[161],"algorithms":[163],"examined":[165],"well.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"new":[170],"set":[171],"design":[173],"considerations":[174],"systems":[178],"is":[179,198],"proposed,":[180],"several":[184],"trade-offs":[185],"discussed,":[189],"future":[191,207],"directions":[193],"presented.":[194],"Since":[195],"expected":[199],"play":[201],"key":[203],"role":[204],"contribution":[212],"provides":[213],"structure":[215],"researchers,":[217],"practitioners,":[221],"find":[223],"unified":[225],"perspective":[226],"topic.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T08:42:23.175194","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
