{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409796734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3564333","title":"A Survey on Large Language Models for Communication, Network, and Service Management: Application Insights, Challenges, and Future Directions","display_name":"A Survey on Large Language Models for Communication, Network, and Service Management: Application Insights, Challenges, and Future Directions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409796734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3564333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3564333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3564333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004399713","display_name":"Gordon Owusu Boateng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7923-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Owusu Boateng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Department of Computer Science, KU6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, KU6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004025182","display_name":"Hani Sami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-1006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hani Sami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and IT Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","Department of Software and IT Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-1006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and IT Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and IT Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044127674","display_name":"Ahmed Alagha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9275-2677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Alagha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9275-2677","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092189423","display_name":"Hanae Elmekki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5187-0810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanae Elmekki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5187-0810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030830369","display_name":"Ahmad Hammoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-9913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Hammoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSM, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Systems Research Center, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-9913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSM, Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Systems Research Center, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037837666","display_name":"Rabeb Mizouni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-3759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabeb Mizouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Department of Computer Science, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-3759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005269467","display_name":"Azzam Mourad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9434-5322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azzam Mourad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Department of Computer Science, KU6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9434-5322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, KU6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049846737","display_name":"Hadi Otrok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9574-5384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Otrok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Department of Computer Science, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9574-5384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Center of Cyber-Physical Systems (C2PS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020978568","display_name":"Jamal Bentahar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-4849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Bentahar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Department of Computer Science, KU6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3136-4849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, KU6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004034156","display_name":"Sami Muhaidat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-9399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Muhaidat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Department of Computer and Information Engineering, KU6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4649-9399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, KU 6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, KU6G Research Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091698581","display_name":"Chamseddine Talhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-8265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chamseddine Talhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and IT Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","Department of Software and IT Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-8265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and IT Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and IT Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067321881","display_name":"Zbigniew Dziong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7259-0570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zbigniew Dziong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7259-0570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916222","display_name":"Mohsen Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ML, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ML, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004399713"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":130.9181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99982989,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"527","last_page":"566"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.49619999527931213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.49619999527931213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.43630000948905945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.4352000057697296,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.567200243473053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.49826741218566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4263169467449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.36829787492752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.33920955657958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.33381617069244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.23995670676231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1808871626853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.07310658693313599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.567200243473053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.49826741218566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4263169467449188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.36829787492752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.33920955657958984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.33381617069244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.23995670676231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1808871626853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.07310658693313599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3564333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3564333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:30902","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Non \u00e9valu\u00e9 par les pairs"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3128908425","https://openalex.org/W2144661394","https://openalex.org/W164118282","https://openalex.org/W4299638067","https://openalex.org/W2047245866","https://openalex.org/W2497585214","https://openalex.org/W2517779620","https://openalex.org/W2314482372","https://openalex.org/W3008366965","https://openalex.org/W1039292361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"evolution":[2],"of":[3,33,83,109,136,162,208],"communication":[4,66,87,130,191,209],"networks":[5,92],"in":[6,49,160],"recent":[7],"decades":[8],"has":[9],"intensified":[10],"the":[11,23,81,104,113,163,194,205],"need":[12,195],"for":[13,26,63,157,189,196,224],"advanced":[14],"Network":[15],"and":[16,31,56,93,100,118,124,126,139,146,148,170,180,199],"Service":[17],"Management":[18],"(NSM)":[19],"strategies":[20],"to":[21,45,129,227],"address":[22],"growing":[24],"demands":[25],"efficiency,":[27],"scalability,":[28],"enhanced":[29],"performance,":[30],"reliability":[32],"these":[34],"networks.":[35,102,210],"Large":[36],"Language":[37,52],"Models":[38],"(LLMs)":[39],"have":[40],"received":[41],"tremendous":[42],"attention":[43],"due":[44],"their":[46,127,171],"unparalleled":[47],"capabilities":[48],"various":[50],"Natural":[51],"Processing":[53],"(NLP)":[54],"tasks":[55,159],"generating":[57],"context-aware":[58],"insights,":[59],"offering":[60],"transformative":[61],"potential":[62],"automating":[64],"diverse":[65],"NSM":[67,158],"tasks.":[68],"Contrasting":[69],"existing":[70,168,178],"surveys":[71],"that":[72,202,213],"consider":[73],"a":[74,133,218],"single":[75],"network":[76,88,137,142,144,150,165],"domain,":[77],"this":[78,214],"survey":[79,105,215],"investigates":[80],"integration":[82],"LLMs":[84,226],"across":[85],"different":[86,164],"domains,":[89,166],"including":[90],"mobile":[91],"related":[94],"technologies,":[95],"vehicular":[96],"networks,":[97,99],"cloud-based":[98],"fog/edge-based":[101],"First,":[103],"provides":[106],"foundational":[107],"knowledge":[108],"LLMs,":[110,120],"explicitly":[111],"detailing":[112],"generic":[114],"transformer":[115],"architecture,":[116],"general-purpose":[117],"domain-specific":[119],"LLM":[121,155],"model":[122],"pre-training":[123],"fine-tuning,":[125],"relation":[128],"NSM.":[131,229],"Under":[132],"novel":[134],"taxonomy":[135],"monitoring":[138],"reporting,":[140],"AI-powered":[141],"planning,":[143],"deployment":[145],"distribution,":[147],"continuous":[149],"support,":[151],"we":[152,176],"extensively":[153],"categorize":[154],"applications":[156],"each":[161],"exploring":[167],"literature":[169],"contributions":[172],"thus":[173],"far.":[174],"Then,":[175],"identify":[177],"challenges":[179],"open":[181],"issues,":[182],"as":[183,185,217],"well":[184],"future":[186],"research":[187],"directions":[188],"LLM-driven":[190],"NSM,":[192],"emphasizing":[193],"scalable,":[197],"adaptable,":[198],"resource-efficient":[200],"solutions":[201],"align":[203],"with":[204],"dynamic":[206],"landscape":[207],"We":[211],"envision":[212],"serves":[216],"holistic":[219],"roadmap,":[220],"providing":[221],"critical":[222],"insights":[223],"leveraging":[225],"enhance":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
