{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409581172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3562429","title":"Open RAN for 6G Networks: Architecture, Use Cases and Open Issues","display_name":"Open RAN for 6G Networks: Architecture, Use Cases and Open Issues","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409581172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3562429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3562429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3562429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3562429","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088307873","display_name":"Bharat Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I245417339","display_name":"Vodafone (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/044qwkx83","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I245417339","https://openalex.org/I74316835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["DE","IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharat Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vodafone Tech Innovation Center, Dresden, Germany","School of Electronic Engineering, Performance Engineering Lab, Dublin are City University, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4040-8145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vodafone Tech Innovation Center, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I245417339"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Performance Engineering Lab, Dublin are City University, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072639744","display_name":"Ralf Irmer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I245417339","display_name":"Vodafone (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/044qwkx83","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I245417339","https://openalex.org/I74316835"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Irmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vodafone Tech Innovation Center, Dresden, Germany","Vodafone Tech Innovation Center, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vodafone Tech Innovation Center, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I245417339"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vodafone Tech Innovation Center, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I245417339"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006556247","display_name":"David Lister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6322-842X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74316835","display_name":"Vodafone (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7jrq42","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74316835"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lister","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vodafone R&D, Newbury, U.K","Vodafone R and D, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vodafone R&D, Newbury, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74316835"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vodafone R and D, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74316835"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050234051","display_name":"Gabriel\u2010Miro Muntean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9332-4770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel-Miro Muntean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Performance Engineering Lab, School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland","School of Electronic Engineering, Performance Engineering Lab, Dublin are City University, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9332-4770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Performance Engineering Lab, School of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Performance Engineering Lab, Dublin are City University, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.3092,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98569717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"2881","last_page":"2924"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran","display_name":"Ran","score":0.8116493225097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.566018283367157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41454052925109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4045935869216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.39961785078048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1949799358844757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.8116493225097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.566018283367157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41454052925109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4045935869216919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.39961785078048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1949799358844757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3562429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3562429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3562429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2025.3562429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1099969985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16KISK103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324070","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3438435400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21/FFP-P/10244 (FRADIS)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5420733249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12/RC/2289_P2 (INSIGHT)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5594174583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21/FFP-P/10244 (FRADIS)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F8766430056","funder_display_name":"Research Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324070","display_name":"Ministry of Education and Research, Romania","ror":"https://ror.org/00dh5gw98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F8766430056","display_name":"Research Ireland","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533096254","https://openalex.org/W2014447384","https://openalex.org/W2055350293","https://openalex.org/W2381074797","https://openalex.org/W2741682207","https://openalex.org/W2763542410","https://openalex.org/W2769215314","https://openalex.org/W2786902728","https://openalex.org/W2895059999","https://openalex.org/W2963391296","https://openalex.org/W2963634393","https://openalex.org/W3006387471","https://openalex.org/W3016097478","https://openalex.org/W3037103914","https://openalex.org/W3041188508","https://openalex.org/W3094629212","https://openalex.org/W3110303522","https://openalex.org/W3112379500","https://openalex.org/W3126365018","https://openalex.org/W3127614346","https://openalex.org/W3128641962","https://openalex.org/W3158832185","https://openalex.org/W3197340217","https://openalex.org/W3211955388","https://openalex.org/W3213671725","https://openalex.org/W3214489903","https://openalex.org/W3214550055","https://openalex.org/W3214651724","https://openalex.org/W4206807133","https://openalex.org/W4210904516","https://openalex.org/W4220768932","https://openalex.org/W4220945180","https://openalex.org/W4225552055","https://openalex.org/W4292686432","https://openalex.org/W4295185261","https://openalex.org/W4308839864","https://openalex.org/W4312446752","https://openalex.org/W4315783203","https://openalex.org/W4317538611","https://openalex.org/W4317796310","https://openalex.org/W4328053442","https://openalex.org/W4353073790","https://openalex.org/W4365790147","https://openalex.org/W4378907001","https://openalex.org/W4380143024","https://openalex.org/W4383960492","https://openalex.org/W4385078953","https://openalex.org/W4385804946","https://openalex.org/W4386243281","https://openalex.org/W4386250000","https://openalex.org/W4386260390","https://openalex.org/W4386260420","https://openalex.org/W4386336947","https://openalex.org/W4386412326","https://openalex.org/W4387415043","https://openalex.org/W4387753666","https://openalex.org/W4387870064","https://openalex.org/W4387870227","https://openalex.org/W4387872831","https://openalex.org/W4388430342","https://openalex.org/W4389048013","https://openalex.org/W4389104797","https://openalex.org/W4389104872","https://openalex.org/W4389104888","https://openalex.org/W4389104915","https://openalex.org/W4389104926","https://openalex.org/W4389633790","https://openalex.org/W4389664657","https://openalex.org/W4389989136","https://openalex.org/W4390069187","https://openalex.org/W4390956135","https://openalex.org/W4391540976","https://openalex.org/W4393144241","https://openalex.org/W4393174828","https://openalex.org/W4394698885","https://openalex.org/W4398757487","https://openalex.org/W4400233310","https://openalex.org/W4401508453","https://openalex.org/W4401747359","https://openalex.org/W4402129365","https://openalex.org/W4402353359","https://openalex.org/W4403391454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1766728438","https://openalex.org/W1668090144","https://openalex.org/W2504993638","https://openalex.org/W2083168956","https://openalex.org/W2980853820","https://openalex.org/W404373762","https://openalex.org/W2186004379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enhancing":[0],"the":[1,9,14,52,59,85,160,190,201,224],"radio":[2,49],"access":[3,172],"network":[4],"(RAN)":[5],"architecture":[6,35],"has":[7],"been":[8],"focus":[10],"of":[11,13,23,84,133,141,150,178,203],"some":[12],"latest":[15],"global":[16],"operators\u2019":[17],"concentrated":[18],"effort,":[19],"building":[20],"on":[21,41],"principles":[22,236],"intelligence":[24],"and":[25,113,136,164,184,206,226,237],"openness.":[26],"The":[27,65,80],"goal":[28],"is":[29,69],"to":[30,67,71,100,106,110,118,123,145,173],"develop":[31],"an":[32,42],"operator-defined":[33],"RAN":[34,78,221,230],"(as":[36],"well":[37],"as":[38],"related":[39],"interfaces)":[40],"open":[43,157],"hardware":[44],"that":[45],"will":[46,90,95,104,116,128,170],"enable":[47],"intelligent":[48],"control":[50],"for":[51,194,240],"Fifth":[53],"Generation":[54,61],"(5G)":[55],"networks":[56],"beyond,":[57],"especially":[58,198],"Sixth":[60],"(6G)":[62],"wireless":[63],"networks.":[64],"transition":[66],"6G":[68,86,195,219,232],"anticipated":[70],"be":[72,107,119],"made":[73],"simpler":[74],"by":[75],"this":[76],"Open":[77,196,220,229],"architecture.":[79],"reduced":[81],"cell":[82],"radius":[83],"mobile":[87],"networks,":[88],"which":[89,216],"use":[91,214],"significantly":[92],"higher":[93],"frequencies,":[94],"severely":[96],"limit":[97],"their":[98],"ability":[99],"penetrate":[101],"buildings.":[102],"Radios":[103],"need":[105,117],"positioned":[108],"closer":[109],"subscriber":[111],"devices":[112],"indoor":[114],"installations":[115],"used":[120],"in":[121,143,231],"order":[122,144],"accommodate":[124],"these":[125],"changes.":[126],"Operators":[127,168],"require":[129],"a":[130,174],"greater":[131],"variety":[132],"form":[134,182],"factors":[135,183],"potentially":[137],"even":[138],"new":[139],"types":[140],"front-haul":[142],"deploy":[146],"affordably":[147],"large":[148],"numbers":[149],"Radio":[151],"Units":[152],"(RU)":[153],"indoors.":[154],"By":[155],"having":[156],"interfaces":[158],"between":[159],"Distributed":[161],"Unit":[162],"(DU)":[163],"RU,":[165],"Mobile":[166],"Network":[167],"(MNOs)":[169],"have":[171],"much":[175],"wider":[176],"range":[177],"RUs":[179],"with":[180],"various":[181,212],"customizable":[185],"features.":[186],"This":[187],"survey":[188],"summarizes":[189],"different":[191],"possible":[192],"architectures":[193],"RAN,":[197],"considered":[199],"from":[200],"perspective":[202],"energy":[204],"efficiency,":[205],"low":[207],"latency.":[208],"Next,":[209],"it":[210],"presents":[211],"novel":[213],"cases":[215],"can":[217],"employ":[218],"architectures.":[222],"Lastly,":[223],"prospects":[225],"problems":[227],"facing":[228],"are":[233,243],"discussed.":[234],"Design":[235],"potential":[238],"fixes":[239],"sophisticated":[241],"processes":[242],"also":[244],"provided.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-09T07:52:08.696243","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}