{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402742293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3465447","title":"Large Language Model (LLM) for Telecommunications: A Comprehensive Survey on Principles, Key Techniques, and Opportunities","display_name":"Large Language Model (LLM) for Telecommunications: A Comprehensive Survey on Principles, Key Techniques, and Opportunities","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402742293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3465447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3465447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3465447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080850676","display_name":"Hao Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5511-4609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038612451","display_name":"Chengming Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengming Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101058957","display_name":"Ye Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100308531","display_name":"Yufei Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014168147","display_name":"Yili Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7127-8902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yili Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100761804","display_name":"Can Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8741-8941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Can Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102882870","display_name":"Haolun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8206-4969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haolun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100527386","display_name":"Dun Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dun Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111534889","display_name":"Li Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022267948","display_name":"Di Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7419-9903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101501086","display_name":"Xue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7854-7845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032922993","display_name":"Jianzhong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-2783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101778","display_name":"Samsung (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bfbvm65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973","https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133173","display_name":"Research!America (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/044pgyv50","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianzhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Standards and Mobility Innovation Laboratory, Samsung Research America, Plano, TX, USA","Samsung Research America, Plano, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Standards and Mobility Innovation Laboratory, Samsung Research America, Plano, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778","https://openalex.org/I4210133173"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Samsung Research America, Plano, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100733413","display_name":"Xianbin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-0748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianbin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039311485","display_name":"Jiangchuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6592-1984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangchuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080850676"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":51.814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":150,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9991392,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"3","first_page":"1955","last_page":"2005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6276000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.6276000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.590399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.5227000117301941,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7314691543579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5312348008155823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.49430227279663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1746511161327362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7314691543579102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5312348008155823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.49430227279663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1746511161327362}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3465447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3465447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":214,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W155842296","https://openalex.org/W2109493130","https://openalex.org/W2124542511","https://openalex.org/W2125560635","https://openalex.org/W2148913232","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2561231535","https://openalex.org/W2619542443","https://openalex.org/W2732547613","https://openalex.org/W2742288482","https://openalex.org/W2770673730","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2810482148","https://openalex.org/W2904505555","https://openalex.org/W2953017892","https://openalex.org/W2957798391","https://openalex.org/W2963499153","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2963979492","https://openalex.org/W2964005248","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2991040477","https://openalex.org/W3007562398","https://openalex.org/W3013008552","https://openalex.org/W3017194848","https://openalex.org/W3020617474","https://openalex.org/W3029141628","https://openalex.org/W3046072278","https://openalex.org/W3046375318","https://openalex.org/W3093266389","https://openalex.org/W3094327823","https://openalex.org/W3112944441","https://openalex.org/W3122241445","https://openalex.org/W3129831491","https://openalex.org/W3132987155","https://openalex.org/W3133931948","https://openalex.org/W3134226201","https://openalex.org/W3161564167","https://openalex.org/W3188479476","https://openalex.org/W3194668692","https://openalex.org/W3201961312","https://openalex.org/W3209329320","https://openalex.org/W3209687765","https://openalex.org/W3217120025","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4210505986","https://openalex.org/W4224315052","https://openalex.org/W4226319939","https://openalex.org/W4281763794","https://openalex.org/W4285106331","https://openalex.org/W4285115684","https://openalex.org/W4287854670","https://openalex.org/W4287889735","https://openalex.org/W4293818846","https://openalex.org/W4294068574","https://openalex.org/W4294811272","https://openalex.org/W4296337753","https://openalex.org/W4307225507","https://openalex.org/W4311726128","https://openalex.org/W4312745481","https://openalex.org/W4312747482","https://openalex.org/W4312938727","https://openalex.org/W4315629987","https://openalex.org/W4315630027","https://openalex.org/W4316371702","https://openalex.org/W4317435061","https://openalex.org/W4319079731","https://openalex.org/W4322766882","https://openalex.org/W4379115941","https://openalex.org/W4381930847","https://openalex.org/W4382239386","https://openalex.org/W4382658111","https://openalex.org/W4385191898","https://openalex.org/W4385210979","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385570088","https://openalex.org/W4385571157","https://openalex.org/W4385572448","https://openalex.org/W4386412335","https://openalex.org/W4387848745","https://openalex.org/W4388629193","https://openalex.org/W4388644518","https://openalex.org/W4388644561","https://openalex.org/W4388874804","https://openalex.org/W4389077350","https://openalex.org/W4389518760","https://openalex.org/W4389524274","https://openalex.org/W4389636360","https://openalex.org/W4389664922","https://openalex.org/W4389799491","https://openalex.org/W4390189088","https://openalex.org/W4390659326","https://openalex.org/W4390872508","https://openalex.org/W4391136507","https://openalex.org/W4391248691","https://openalex.org/W4391582407","https://openalex.org/W4391889470","https://openalex.org/W4392152396","https://openalex.org/W4392669704","https://openalex.org/W4392902389","https://openalex.org/W4394994526","https://openalex.org/W4395685061","https://openalex.org/W4396758674","https://openalex.org/W4396988239","https://openalex.org/W4400228202","https://openalex.org/W4400228959","https://openalex.org/W4400646216","https://openalex.org/W4400647460","https://openalex.org/W4401023556","https://openalex.org/W4401878796","https://openalex.org/W4402671659","https://openalex.org/W4405784845","https://openalex.org/W4406152279","https://openalex.org/W4406800520","https://openalex.org/W4407838869","https://openalex.org/W4410125989","https://openalex.org/W6627884483","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6696497002","https://openalex.org/W6739585900","https://openalex.org/W6743368274","https://openalex.org/W6750584877","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6761205521","https://openalex.org/W6764357534","https://openalex.org/W6767858076","https://openalex.org/W6767997687","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6768817161","https://openalex.org/W6769311223","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6770820644","https://openalex.org/W6775150526","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6790665546","https://openalex.org/W6791141078","https://openalex.org/W6791776128","https://openalex.org/W6794800773","https://openalex.org/W6796581206","https://openalex.org/W6800875267","https://openalex.org/W6803096969","https://openalex.org/W6803713571","https://openalex.org/W6804211969","https://openalex.org/W6809646742","https://openalex.org/W6810081322","https://openalex.org/W6810334672","https://openalex.org/W6810738896","https://openalex.org/W6810874553","https://openalex.org/W6837989031","https://openalex.org/W6838865847","https://openalex.org/W6843977082","https://openalex.org/W6846002521","https://openalex.org/W6846254642","https://openalex.org/W6847076894","https://openalex.org/W6847753483","https://openalex.org/W6849548236","https://openalex.org/W6849590751","https://openalex.org/W6850182039","https://openalex.org/W6850493425","https://openalex.org/W6850625674","https://openalex.org/W6850729547","https://openalex.org/W6850820320","https://openalex.org/W6850833769","https://openalex.org/W6850885490","https://openalex.org/W6850886341","https://openalex.org/W6850936240","https://openalex.org/W6851275496","https://openalex.org/W6851775633","https://openalex.org/W6851960618","https://openalex.org/W6852418670","https://openalex.org/W6852449896","https://openalex.org/W6852670370","https://openalex.org/W6853251322","https://openalex.org/W6853429700","https://openalex.org/W6853458019","https://openalex.org/W6853465110","https://openalex.org/W6853896980","https://openalex.org/W6854999601","https://openalex.org/W6855055401","https://openalex.org/W6855844941","https://openalex.org/W6855874919","https://openalex.org/W6855899088","https://openalex.org/W6856051742","https://openalex.org/W6856250771","https://openalex.org/W6856377440","https://openalex.org/W6856437238","https://openalex.org/W6856725799","https://openalex.org/W6856766406","https://openalex.org/W6856804839","https://openalex.org/W6856810537","https://openalex.org/W6856823467","https://openalex.org/W6856926427","https://openalex.org/W6857005926","https://openalex.org/W6857017073","https://openalex.org/W6857044630","https://openalex.org/W6857151620","https://openalex.org/W6857175056","https://openalex.org/W6857477353","https://openalex.org/W6857614378","https://openalex.org/W6857888504","https://openalex.org/W6858134568","https://openalex.org/W6858274250","https://openalex.org/W6859253271","https://openalex.org/W6859800651","https://openalex.org/W6860816989","https://openalex.org/W6861059789","https://openalex.org/W6861954912","https://openalex.org/W6862405158","https://openalex.org/W6869298272","https://openalex.org/W6869971711","https://openalex.org/W6870941923","https://openalex.org/W7010491546"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2,180],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"received":[5],"considerable":[6],"attention":[7],"recently":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,18,33,59,75],"their":[11],"outstanding":[12],"comprehension":[13],"and":[14,44,97,101,110,119,132,147,167,181,192],"reasoning":[15],"capabilities,":[16],"leading":[17],"great":[19,67],"progress":[20],"in":[21,37,113],"many":[22,35],"fields.":[23],"The":[24],"advancement":[25],"of":[26,69,80,115,197],"LLM":[27,70,89],"techniques":[28,109,155],"also":[29],"offers":[30],"promising":[31],"opportunities":[32],"automate":[34],"tasks":[36,51],"the":[38,57,66,123,138,190,194],"telecommunication":[39],"(telecom)":[40],"field.":[41],"After":[42,136],"pre-training":[43],"fine-tuning,":[45,95],"LLMs":[46],"can":[47],"perform":[48],"diverse":[49],"downstream":[50],"based":[52],"on":[53],"human":[54],"instructions,":[55],"paving":[56],"way":[58],"artificial":[60],"general":[61],"intelligence":[62],"(AGI)-enabled":[63],"6G.":[64],"Given":[65],"potential":[68],"technologies,":[71],"this":[72],"work":[73],"aims":[74],"provide":[76],"a":[77],"comprehensive":[78],"overview":[79],"LLM-enabled":[81,107,124,153,198],"telecom":[82,102,111,128,199],"networks.":[83,200],"In":[84],"particular,":[85],"we":[86,105,176,188],"first":[87],"present":[88],"fundamentals,":[90],"including":[91],"model":[92,99],"architecture,":[93],"pre-training,":[94],"inference":[96],"utilization,":[98],"evaluation,":[100],"deployment.":[103],"Then,":[104],"introduce":[106],"key":[108],"applications":[112,126,141],"terms":[114],"generation,":[116],"classification,":[117],"optimization,":[118],"prediction":[120,174,179,183],"problems.":[121,150],"Specifically,":[122],"generation":[125],"include":[127],"domain":[129],"knowledge,":[130],"code,":[131],"network":[133,143],"configuration":[134],"generation.":[135],"that,":[137],"LLM-based":[139],"classification":[140,149],"involve":[142],"security,":[144],"text,":[145],"image,":[146],"traffic":[148],"Moreover,":[151],"multiple":[152],"optimization":[154],"are":[156],"introduced,":[157],"such":[158],"as":[159],"automated":[160],"reward":[161],"function":[162],"design":[163],"for":[164,172,185],"reinforcement":[165,169],"learning":[166],"verbal":[168],"learning.":[170],"Furthermore,":[171],"LLM-aided":[173],"problems,":[175],"discussed":[177],"time-series":[178],"multi-modality":[182],"problems":[184],"telecom.":[186],"Finally,":[187],"highlight":[189],"challenges":[191],"identify":[193],"future":[195],"directions":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":107},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
