{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392405755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3372630","title":"Securing the IoT Application Layer From an MQTT Protocol Perspective: Challenges and Research Prospects","display_name":"Securing the IoT Application Layer From an MQTT Protocol Perspective: Challenges and Research Prospects","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392405755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3372630"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3372630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3372630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094056981","display_name":"Sujitha Lakshminarayana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-8805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujitha Lakshminarayana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-8805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027025279","display_name":"Amit Praseed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3965-0118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114845381","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Calicut","ror":"https://ror.org/03yyd7552","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114845381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Praseed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3965-0118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114845381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059811306","display_name":"P. Santhi Thilagam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-1330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Santhi Thilagam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-1330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0471,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9967631,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"2510","last_page":"2546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mqtt","display_name":"MQTT","score":0.9274550676345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7792065143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5693148970603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.531484842300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.5182249546051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5144999027252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4950489103794098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4664418697357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-layer","display_name":"Internet layer","score":0.4189490079879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.36149024963378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.165886789560318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1469261348247528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-protocol-suite","display_name":"Internet protocol suite","score":0.13207247853279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1283179521560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.09834113717079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09400036931037903}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132868160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10322548","display_name":"MQTT","level":3,"score":0.9274550676345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7792065143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5693148970603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.531484842300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.5182249546051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5144999027252197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4950489103794098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4664418697357178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146739243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910948","display_name":"Internet layer","level":4,"score":0.4189490079879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36149024963378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.165886789560318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1469261348247528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65567647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81414","display_name":"Internet protocol suite","level":3,"score":0.13207247853279114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1283179521560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.09834113717079163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09400036931037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3372630","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2024.3372630","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":151,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559645909","https://openalex.org/W1577231857","https://openalex.org/W1606208191","https://openalex.org/W1632195884","https://openalex.org/W1971673042","https://openalex.org/W1988524530","https://openalex.org/W1988584731","https://openalex.org/W2028070713","https://openalex.org/W2031926216","https://openalex.org/W2068258779","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2157151973","https://openalex.org/W2234639732","https://openalex.org/W2291755718","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2345110324","https://openalex.org/W2477357073","https://openalex.org/W2477849255","https://openalex.org/W2482139053","https://openalex.org/W2552964608","https://openalex.org/W2571824615","https://openalex.org/W2591569862","https://openalex.org/W2606365461","https://openalex.org/W2612809042","https://openalex.org/W2620370356","https://openalex.org/W2624320130","https://openalex.org/W2624494872","https://openalex.org/W2733765803","https://openalex.org/W2734730826","https://openalex.org/W2767039516","https://openalex.org/W2774220652","https://openalex.org/W2779139350","https://openalex.org/W2785593630","https://openalex.org/W2786321307","https://openalex.org/W2786647169","https://openalex.org/W2790835090","https://openalex.org/W2794081682","https://openalex.org/W2795655063","https://openalex.org/W2799758613","https://openalex.org/W2806377938","https://openalex.org/W2806697149","https://openalex.org/W2806746626","https://openalex.org/W2807534683","https://openalex.org/W2887749370","https://openalex.org/W2890371819","https://openalex.org/W2897514040","https://openalex.org/W2898651345","https://openalex.org/W2900993339","https://openalex.org/W2902193279","https://openalex.org/W2906801700","https://openalex.org/W2908109669","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2911742062","https://openalex.org/W2915267103","https://openalex.org/W2927160209","https://openalex.org/W2929305171","https://openalex.org/W2929835212","https://openalex.org/W2963073179","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2963910109","https://openalex.org/W2967521687","https://openalex.org/W2968774960","https://openalex.org/W2969468102","https://openalex.org/W2970019629","https://openalex.org/W2975894920","https://openalex.org/W2985985298","https://openalex.org/W2986455874","https://openalex.org/W2989635506","https://openalex.org/W2994858170","https://openalex.org/W3010067093","https://openalex.org/W3012094546","https://openalex.org/W3013100408","https://openalex.org/W3013275963","https://openalex.org/W3014187513","https://openalex.org/W3015471529","https://openalex.org/W3015797940","https://openalex.org/W3021804235","https://openalex.org/W3023846321","https://openalex.org/W3027336681","https://openalex.org/W3033087204","https://openalex.org/W3034273612","https://openalex.org/W3036433441","https://openalex.org/W3043579230","https://openalex.org/W3045756776","https://openalex.org/W3047249099","https://openalex.org/W3087039431","https://openalex.org/W3088527522","https://openalex.org/W3089097155","https://openalex.org/W3094946486","https://openalex.org/W3096448935","https://openalex.org/W3097552873","https://openalex.org/W3098620325","https://openalex.org/W3102768552","https://openalex.org/W3103947479","https://openalex.org/W3109678174","https://openalex.org/W3122864121","https://openalex.org/W3123330558","https://openalex.org/W3125734163","https://openalex.org/W3129074578","https://openalex.org/W3132842072","https://openalex.org/W3135773993","https://openalex.org/W3137456931","https://openalex.org/W3138830205","https://openalex.org/W3141567114","https://openalex.org/W3156177727","https://openalex.org/W3159136237","https://openalex.org/W3159536527","https://openalex.org/W3159885303","https://openalex.org/W3171371974","https://openalex.org/W3179590484","https://openalex.org/W3180641418","https://openalex.org/W3185199957","https://openalex.org/W3185490393","https://openalex.org/W3187039177","https://openalex.org/W3194569620","https://openalex.org/W3199265473","https://openalex.org/W3201480717","https://openalex.org/W3201572484","https://openalex.org/W3210577968","https://openalex.org/W3215368831","https://openalex.org/W3217465472","https://openalex.org/W4206420299","https://openalex.org/W4210691008","https://openalex.org/W4212900349","https://openalex.org/W4214869516","https://openalex.org/W4220738344","https://openalex.org/W4224440075","https://openalex.org/W4226334533","https://openalex.org/W4237421228","https://openalex.org/W4283205833","https://openalex.org/W4285078286","https://openalex.org/W4288391281","https://openalex.org/W4293732311","https://openalex.org/W4295788736","https://openalex.org/W4298768441","https://openalex.org/W4310195146","https://openalex.org/W4312349588","https://openalex.org/W4313163337","https://openalex.org/W4361981215","https://openalex.org/W4366200609","https://openalex.org/W4386555050","https://openalex.org/W4388720069","https://openalex.org/W4388893735","https://openalex.org/W6610997752","https://openalex.org/W6636251206","https://openalex.org/W6721266297","https://openalex.org/W6743493502","https://openalex.org/W6769115139","https://openalex.org/W6779898233","https://openalex.org/W6786860526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769489861","https://openalex.org/W4388501054","https://openalex.org/W2802923594","https://openalex.org/W3172228157","https://openalex.org/W4214588581","https://openalex.org/W2942555159","https://openalex.org/W4390097507","https://openalex.org/W4384911781","https://openalex.org/W2896754033","https://openalex.org/W3195514317"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,21,81,192],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,7,24,45,52,87,118,144],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"is":[5,28,39,68,94,237],"one":[6],"the":[8,42,50,56,73,84,88,119,136,149,158,162,213,258],"most":[9],"promising":[10],"new":[11],"millennial":[12],"technologies,":[13],"having":[14],"numerous":[15],"applications":[16],"in":[17,91,184,197,244,261],"our":[18],"surrounding":[19],"environment.":[20],"fundamental":[22],"goal":[23],"an":[25],"IoT":[26,57,79,92,150,168,262],"system":[27],"to":[29,179,239],"ensure":[30],"effective":[31],"communication":[32],"between":[33],"users":[34],"and":[35,112,126,140,161,175,209,224,230,248,255],"their":[36],"devices,":[37],"which":[38],"accomplished":[40],"through":[41],"application":[43,58,74],"layer":[44,59,75],"IoT.":[46],"For":[47],"this":[48,153,245],"reason,":[49],"security":[51],"protocols":[53],"employed":[54],"at":[55],"are":[60,173,189,195],"extremely":[61],"significant.":[62],"Message":[63],"Queuing":[64],"Telemetry":[65],"Transport":[66],"(MQTT)":[67],"being":[69],"widely":[70],"adopted":[71],"as":[72,100],"protocol":[76,90,121,160,260],"for":[77,83,129,148,166,205],"resource-constrained":[78],"devices.":[80],"reason":[82],"widespread":[85],"usage":[86],"MQTT":[89,120,138,146,159,171,214,259],"devices":[93],"its":[95],"highly":[96],"appealing":[97],"features,":[98],"such":[99],"packet-agnostic":[101],"communication,":[102],"high":[103],"scalability,":[104],"low":[105,108],"power":[106],"consumption,":[107],"implementation":[109],"cost,":[110],"fast":[111],"reliable":[113],"message":[114],"delivery.":[115],"These":[116],"capabilities":[117],"make":[122],"it":[123],"a":[124,142,200,235,250],"potential":[125],"viable":[127],"target":[128],"adversaries.":[130],"Therefore,":[131],"we":[132],"initially":[133],"emphasize":[134],"on":[135,203],"emerging":[137],"vulnerabilities":[139,147],"provide":[141],"classification":[143],"identified":[145],"paradigm.":[151],"Then,":[152],"paper":[154],"reviews":[155],"attacks":[156,172,188,211],"against":[157,212],"corresponding":[163],"defense":[164,193],"mechanisms":[165,194],"MQTT-based":[167],"deployments.":[169],"Furthermore,":[170],"categorized":[174],"investigated":[176],"with":[177,199],"reference":[178],"crucial":[180],"characteristics":[181],"that":[182],"aid":[183],"comprehending":[185],"how":[186],"these":[187],"carried":[190],"out.":[191],"discussed":[196],"detail,":[198],"particular":[201],"focus":[202],"techniques":[204],"identifying":[206,223],"vulnerabilities,":[207],"detecting":[208],"preventing":[210],"protocol.":[215],"This":[216],"work":[217],"also":[218],"discloses":[219],"lessons":[220],"learned":[221],"by":[222],"providing":[225],"insightful":[226],"findings,":[227],"open":[228],"challenges,":[229],"future":[231],"research":[232,242],"directions.":[233],"Such":[234],"discussion":[236],"anticipated":[238],"propel":[240],"more":[241],"efforts":[243],"burgeoning":[246],"area":[247],"pave":[249],"secure":[251],"path":[252],"toward":[253],"expanding":[254],"fully":[256],"realizing":[257],"technology.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}