{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135773993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3064507","title":"A Survey on Sensor-Based Threats and Attacks to Smart Devices and Applications","display_name":"A Survey on Sensor-Based Threats and Attacks to Smart Devices and Applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135773993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3064507","mag":"3135773993"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3064507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3064507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068779995","display_name":"Amit Kumar Sikder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-7154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar Sikder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059881481","display_name":"Giuseppe Petracca","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Petracca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022717159","display_name":"Hidayet Aksu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-2522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hidayet Aksu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055045569","display_name":"Trent Jaeger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4964-1170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trent Jaeger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019145852","display_name":"A. Selcuk Uluagac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Selcuk Uluagac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068779995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.0452,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":143,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99605404,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"1125","last_page":"1159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7585542798042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7369475960731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-device","display_name":"Smart device","score":0.6237296462059021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5535663366317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5179580450057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.49466773867607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3407045304775238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.11680454015731812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7585542798042297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7369475960731506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776898695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11253473","display_name":"Smart device","level":2,"score":0.6237296462059021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5535663366317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5179580450057983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.49466773867607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3407045304775238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.11680454015731812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3064507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2021.3064507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1496120413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-CNS-1718116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2043895709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-2-0045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5871006460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-CAREER-CNS-1453647","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":228,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12540587","https://openalex.org/W187697284","https://openalex.org/W192266324","https://openalex.org/W571512533","https://openalex.org/W776418363","https://openalex.org/W835326990","https://openalex.org/W1438441013","https://openalex.org/W1470570003","https://openalex.org/W1480870385","https://openalex.org/W1488038755","https://openalex.org/W1518563014","https://openalex.org/W1529516610","https://openalex.org/W1533974647","https://openalex.org/W1569229729","https://openalex.org/W1635909507","https://openalex.org/W1660981793","https://openalex.org/W1702900248","https://openalex.org/W1724890242","https://openalex.org/W1806422760","https://openalex.org/W1883842204","https://openalex.org/W1967561194","https://openalex.org/W1971080668","https://openalex.org/W1971673042","https://openalex.org/W1973132608","https://openalex.org/W1973831058","https://openalex.org/W1988037376","https://openalex.org/W1993520820","https://openalex.org/W1995370140","https://openalex.org/W2003707763","https://openalex.org/W2004333922","https://openalex.org/W2004876093","https://openalex.org/W2005888196","https://openalex.org/W2007382769","https://openalex.org/W2009259386","https://openalex.org/W2011778831","https://openalex.org/W2013735525","https://openalex.org/W2022217943","https://openalex.org/W2024071684","https://openalex.org/W2032616120","https://openalex.org/W2033540008","https://openalex.org/W2033811191","https://openalex.org/W2036348722","https://openalex.org/W2056690037","https://openalex.org/W2065222763","https://openalex.org/W2065955975","https://openalex.org/W2074040836","https://openalex.org/W2074324486","https://openalex.org/W2074367177","https://openalex.org/W2074709832","https://openalex.org/W2080335657","https://openalex.org/W2081706043","https://openalex.org/W2082629283","https://openalex.org/W2084443485","https://openalex.org/W2085218277","https://openalex.org/W2090465075","https://openalex.org/W2093316511","https://openalex.org/W2093678351","https://openalex.org/W2095470000","https://openalex.org/W2096974968","https://openalex.org/W2099468260","https://openalex.org/W2104927807","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2107816859","https://openalex.org/W2107881300","https://openalex.org/W2116668505","https://openalex.org/W2126541236","https://openalex.org/W2128025167","https://openalex.org/W2131563850","https://openalex.org/W2135988418","https://openalex.org/W2137100320","https://openalex.org/W2149359921","https://openalex.org/W2150097065","https://openalex.org/W2150639461","https://openalex.org/W2151147409","https://openalex.org/W2158705880","https://openalex.org/W2166743230","https://openalex.org/W2168504081","https://openalex.org/W2168769758","https://openalex.org/W2169212275","https://openalex.org/W2249445999","https://openalex.org/W2294068577","https://openalex.org/W2294170611","https://openalex.org/W2295760285","https://openalex.org/W2317788992","https://openalex.org/W2337977175","https://openalex.org/W2339576357","https://openalex.org/W2396626823","https://openalex.org/W2400528202","https://openalex.org/W2474516640","https://openalex.org/W2486441166","https://openalex.org/W2497078867","https://openalex.org/W2508433864","https://openalex.org/W2509042760","https://openalex.org/W2528183044","https://openalex.org/W2529113503","https://openalex.org/W2533895917","https://openalex.org/W2535058934","https://openalex.org/W2541907594","https://openalex.org/W2547296845","https://openalex.org/W2566056116","https://openalex.org/W2585956935","https://openalex.org/W2593733931","https://openalex.org/W2594726056","https://openalex.org/W2605943641","https://openalex.org/W2606537796","https://openalex.org/W2609208653","https://openalex.org/W2613352518","https://openalex.org/W2725542552","https://openalex.org/W2740323046","https://openalex.org/W2751902866","https://openalex.org/W2752660817","https://openalex.org/W2753002651","https://openalex.org/W2762324543","https://openalex.org/W2768152971","https://openalex.org/W2783061095","https://openalex.org/W2792215875","https://openalex.org/W2794255451","https://openalex.org/W2803009345","https://openalex.org/W2803511747","https://openalex.org/W2809496293","https://openalex.org/W2810308567","https://openalex.org/W2810490099","https://openalex.org/W2810676181","https://openalex.org/W2886320151","https://openalex.org/W2887228814","https://openalex.org/W2887740380","https://openalex.org/W2887985735","https://openalex.org/W2888541059","https://openalex.org/W2889270945","https://openalex.org/W2891721044","https://openalex.org/W2909535983","https://openalex.org/W2911505293","https://openalex.org/W2911955316","https://openalex.org/W2916032017","https://openalex.org/W2919610866","https://openalex.org/W2923400712","https://openalex.org/W2923593504","https://openalex.org/W2941750187","https://openalex.org/W2945920325","https://openalex.org/W2946271400","https://openalex.org/W2946396012","https://openalex.org/W2949464457","https://openalex.org/W2951694401","https://openalex.org/W2957423437","https://openalex.org/W2958285582","https://openalex.org/W2958793313","https://openalex.org/W2961602088","https://openalex.org/W2962773292","https://openalex.org/W2963153306","https://openalex.org/W2964014507","https://openalex.org/W2964137134","https://openalex.org/W2966344492","https://openalex.org/W2968591641","https://openalex.org/W2969468102","https://openalex.org/W2969788497","https://openalex.org/W2969862110","https://openalex.org/W2972860838","https://openalex.org/W2972950455","https://openalex.org/W2975266205","https://openalex.org/W2983008824","https://openalex.org/W2985925324","https://openalex.org/W2986445843","https://openalex.org/W2986455874","https://openalex.org/W2988066620","https://openalex.org/W2990216812","https://openalex.org/W2991535931","https://openalex.org/W2993233034","https://openalex.org/W2994661026","https://openalex.org/W2996223571","https://openalex.org/W2998897150","https://openalex.org/W2999474951","https://openalex.org/W3000103489","https://openalex.org/W3006696868","https://openalex.org/W3007679991","https://openalex.org/W3008038029","https://openalex.org/W3010490819","https://openalex.org/W3016022122","https://openalex.org/W3016607949","https://openalex.org/W3020687048","https://openalex.org/W3024437525","https://openalex.org/W3044372812","https://openalex.org/W3048191665","https://openalex.org/W3048968121","https://openalex.org/W3080382294","https://openalex.org/W3081071208","https://openalex.org/W3092584680","https://openalex.org/W3099793430","https://openalex.org/W3100919001","https://openalex.org/W3101345614","https://openalex.org/W3103349363","https://openalex.org/W3112111251","https://openalex.org/W3118839487","https://openalex.org/W3123744197","https://openalex.org/W3131624404","https://openalex.org/W4241091299","https://openalex.org/W4244726870","https://openalex.org/W4247544866","https://openalex.org/W4288309108","https://openalex.org/W4289559981","https://openalex.org/W4293872490","https://openalex.org/W4300788801","https://openalex.org/W4300824008","https://openalex.org/W6600534484","https://openalex.org/W6607899610","https://openalex.org/W6623308337","https://openalex.org/W6628376663","https://openalex.org/W6628508383","https://openalex.org/W6628601703","https://openalex.org/W6631727231","https://openalex.org/W6636994897","https://openalex.org/W6639517807","https://openalex.org/W6658713452","https://openalex.org/W6659735745","https://openalex.org/W6684531041","https://openalex.org/W6691229398","https://openalex.org/W6697491314","https://openalex.org/W6713182605","https://openalex.org/W6721194330","https://openalex.org/W6722479552","https://openalex.org/W6740133913","https://openalex.org/W6742214317","https://openalex.org/W6744488139","https://openalex.org/W6748246993","https://openalex.org/W6752758114","https://openalex.org/W6754001716","https://openalex.org/W6754404224","https://openalex.org/W6766272486","https://openalex.org/W6779684038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W4366249425","https://openalex.org/W2027118119","https://openalex.org/W2061924559","https://openalex.org/W3108024847","https://openalex.org/W3175610199","https://openalex.org/W2400481481","https://openalex.org/W4254378244","https://openalex.org/W2011442434"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"electronic":[1],"devices":[2,17,23,34,46,63,109,184,202,212,225],"have":[3,24,206],"become":[4,25],"\u201csmart\u201d":[5],"as":[6,8,47,49,64],"well":[7,48],"omnipresent":[9],"in":[10,28,35,226],"our":[11,36],"day-to-day":[12],"lives.":[13],"From":[14],"small":[15],"household":[16],"to":[18,80,112,118,126,159,167,200,209],"large":[19],"industrial":[20],"machines,":[21],"smart":[22,62,87,106,148,183,201,211,224],"very":[26],"popular":[27],"every":[29],"possible":[30],"application":[31],"domain.":[32],"Smart":[33,108],"homes,":[37],"offices,":[38],"buildings,":[39],"and":[40,84,91,115,178,198,203,220,232,234],"cities":[41],"can":[42,151],"connect":[43],"with":[44,50,236],"other":[45],"the":[51,65,82,97,101,119,128,137,155,169,227],"physical":[52],"world":[53],"around":[54],"them.":[55],"This":[56],"increasing":[57],"popularity":[58],"has":[59],"also":[60],"placed":[61],"center":[66],"of":[67,74,86,103,121,130,182,223,229],"attention":[68],"among":[69],"attackers.":[70],"Already,":[71],"several":[72],"types":[73],"malicious":[75,165,186],"activities":[76],"exist":[77],"that":[78,99,205],"attempt":[79],"compromise":[81,168],"security":[83,123,219],"privacy":[85,221],"devices.":[88,107],"One":[89],"interesting":[90],"noteworthy":[92],"emerging":[93],"threat":[94],"vector":[95],"is":[96],"attacks":[98,116,179,199,233],"abuse":[100],"use":[102,129],"sensors":[104,131,138,181],"on":[105,146],"are":[110],"vulnerable":[111],"sensor-based":[113,196,214,230],"threats":[114,177,197,231],"due":[117],"lack":[120],"proper":[122],"mechanisms":[124],"available":[125],"control":[127],"by":[132],"installed":[133],"apps.":[134],"By":[135],"exploiting":[136],"(e.g.,":[139],"accelerometer,":[140],"gyroscope,":[141],"microphone,":[142],"light":[143],"sensor,":[144],"etc.)":[145],"a":[147,160,164,191],"device,":[149,156,161],"attackers":[150],"extract":[152],"information":[153],"from":[154,213],"transfer":[157],"malware":[158],"or":[162],"trigger":[163],"activity":[166],"device.":[170],"In":[171],"this":[172],"paper,":[173],"we":[174,189,217],"explore":[175],"various":[176],"abusing":[180],"for":[185],"purposes.":[187],"Specifically,":[188],"present":[190],"detailed":[192],"survey":[193],"about":[194],"existing":[195],"countermeasures":[204],"been":[207],"developed":[208],"secure":[210],"threats.":[215],"Furthermore,":[216],"discuss":[218],"issues":[222],"context":[228],"conclude":[235],"future":[237],"research":[238],"directions.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
