{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2948288123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2921972","title":"A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques","display_name":"A State-of-the-Art Survey on Multidimensional Scaling-Based Localization Techniques","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2948288123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2921972","mag":"2948288123"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2921972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2921972","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9739/8915915/08734111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9739/8915915/08734111.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042602326","display_name":"Nasir Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014061593","display_name":"Haewoon Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haewoon Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea","[Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-7023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066119580","display_name":"Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-4720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-4720","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2741,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53696833,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"3565","last_page":"3583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7030236721038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.7019996643066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.6651894450187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6006798148155212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5655747652053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.540999174118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-scaling","display_name":"Multidimensional scaling","score":0.5234441161155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.5219951868057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4925554394721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.46213215589523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4415399134159088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4031197726726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29738447070121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.1395631730556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13504180312156677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.12202149629592896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7030236721038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.7019996643066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.6651894450187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6006798148155212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5655747652053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.540999174118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91682802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620538","display_name":"Multidimensional scaling","level":2,"score":0.5234441161155701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5219951868057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4925554394721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.46213215589523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4415399134159088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4031197726726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29738447070121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1395631730556488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13504180312156677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.12202149629592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2921972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2921972","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9739/8915915/08734111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1906.03585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1906.03585","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.03585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2948288123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.03585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/655510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/655510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/660822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/660822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.03585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.03585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2921972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2921972","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/9739/8915915/08734111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1553072845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016R1D1A1B03934277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03m01yf64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322320","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2948288123.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2948288123.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":244,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139757862","https://openalex.org/W141350578","https://openalex.org/W163225181","https://openalex.org/W344940094","https://openalex.org/W605075778","https://openalex.org/W1440897814","https://openalex.org/W1479963486","https://openalex.org/W1501230368","https://openalex.org/W1505004668","https://openalex.org/W1518620453","https://openalex.org/W1524474369","https://openalex.org/W1547144619","https://openalex.org/W1558389304","https://openalex.org/W1567601705","https://openalex.org/W1577839900","https://openalex.org/W1590832647","https://openalex.org/W1592033656","https://openalex.org/W1593984360","https://openalex.org/W1604273654","https://openalex.org/W1680267993","https://openalex.org/W1747229408","https://openalex.org/W1757155552","https://openalex.org/W1830360151","https://openalex.org/W1844818070","https://openalex.org/W1858273618","https://openalex.org/W1859276392","https://openalex.org/W1905859432","https://openalex.org/W1965680834","https://openalex.org/W1966496321","https://openalex.org/W1971410313","https://openalex.org/W1974851736","https://openalex.org/W1980560153","https://openalex.org/W1981373725","https://openalex.org/W1983726945","https://openalex.org/W1983874789","https://openalex.org/W1986445760","https://openalex.org/W1987275728","https://openalex.org/W1990040210","https://openalex.org/W1992551667","https://openalex.org/W1993388778","https://openalex.org/W1993436046","https://openalex.org/W1996587571","https://openalex.org/W1999011608","https://openalex.org/W1999597013","https://openalex.org/W2000215628","https://openalex.org/W2001445621","https://openalex.org/W2001813029","https://openalex.org/W2002288746","https://openalex.org/W2003342984","https://openalex.org/W2004026774","https://openalex.org/W2005276292","https://openalex.org/W2006725758","https://openalex.org/W2007572995","https://openalex.org/W2013059507","https://openalex.org/W2014971825","https://openalex.org/W2015567702","https://openalex.org/W2016639084","https://openalex.org/W2017231306","https://openalex.org/W2017821179","https://openalex.org/W2018017222","https://openalex.org/W2018173843","https://openalex.org/W2019548042","https://openalex.org/W2020502148","https://openalex.org/W2022948213","https://openalex.org/W2023923947","https://openalex.org/W2025298272","https://openalex.org/W2031352156","https://openalex.org/W2032236908","https://openalex.org/W2032333018","https://openalex.org/W2034176365","https://openalex.org/W2034224004","https://openalex.org/W2034401736","https://openalex.org/W2040171232","https://openalex.org/W2049444669","https://openalex.org/W2050846029","https://openalex.org/W2053496333","https://openalex.org/W2055250220","https://openalex.org/W2059975159","https://openalex.org/W2060287547","https://openalex.org/W2060312757","https://openalex.org/W2061047464","https://openalex.org/W2061681393","https://openalex.org/W2068856195","https://openalex.org/W2069310420","https://openalex.org/W2071707134","https://openalex.org/W2072371179","https://openalex.org/W2072833447","https://openalex.org/W2073825622","https://openalex.org/W2074667993","https://openalex.org/W2078572019","https://openalex.org/W2081004296","https://openalex.org/W2087196505","https://openalex.org/W2087797502","https://openalex.org/W2089269333","https://openalex.org/W2090417045","https://openalex.org/W2092323252","https://openalex.org/W2092404549","https://openalex.org/W2094204865","https://openalex.org/W2096157747","https://openalex.org/W2098578926","https://openalex.org/W2099950150","https://openalex.org/W2100134073","https://openalex.org/W2100369677","https://openalex.org/W2100456966","https://openalex.org/W2100642043","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2101722189","https://openalex.org/W2108482152","https://openalex.org/W2112737587","https://openalex.org/W2114686809","https://openalex.org/W2118472629","https://openalex.org/W2118685078","https://openalex.org/W2119362555","https://openalex.org/W2120744818","https://openalex.org/W2122915435","https://openalex.org/W2124178852","https://openalex.org/W2124216931","https://openalex.org/W2124433861","https://openalex.org/W2128019145","https://openalex.org/W2129991113","https://openalex.org/W2130207088","https://openalex.org/W2130556364","https://openalex.org/W2130802466","https://openalex.org/W2131011849","https://openalex.org/W2132632442","https://openalex.org/W2134312057","https://openalex.org/W2135001774","https://openalex.org/W2137059897","https://openalex.org/W2137355192","https://openalex.org/W2143306516","https://openalex.org/W2143412085","https://openalex.org/W2143818815","https://openalex.org/W2143862821","https://openalex.org/W2147260420","https://openalex.org/W2147750681","https://openalex.org/W2148135143","https://openalex.org/W2148680228","https://openalex.org/W2152187763","https://openalex.org/W2152825437","https://openalex.org/W2153091727","https://openalex.org/W2154020241","https://openalex.org/W2156903414","https://openalex.org/W2159142527","https://openalex.org/W2161249924","https://openalex.org/W2165053603","https://openalex.org/W2166839399","https://openalex.org/W2167642049","https://openalex.org/W2168078104","https://openalex.org/W2168826271","https://openalex.org/W2169582170","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2172924296","https://openalex.org/W2182977717","https://openalex.org/W2211741815","https://openalex.org/W2213529117","https://openalex.org/W2275537915","https://openalex.org/W2279220608","https://openalex.org/W2287252941","https://openalex.org/W2305658817","https://openalex.org/W2324760156","https://openalex.org/W2338849079","https://openalex.org/W2343448572","https://openalex.org/W2343842388","https://openalex.org/W2378039081","https://openalex.org/W2396202389","https://openalex.org/W2397487909","https://openalex.org/W2403864116","https://openalex.org/W2408272418","https://openalex.org/W2476680069","https://openalex.org/W2491307037","https://openalex.org/W2493772896","https://openalex.org/W2504278663","https://openalex.org/W2511738007","https://openalex.org/W2512112802","https://openalex.org/W2513636358","https://openalex.org/W2520175491","https://openalex.org/W2530034939","https://openalex.org/W2533666773","https://openalex.org/W2533878239","https://openalex.org/W2538535315","https://openalex.org/W2541811185","https://openalex.org/W2547354964","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2586758269","https://openalex.org/W2587538350","https://openalex.org/W2597503451","https://openalex.org/W2603071509","https://openalex.org/W2608130950","https://openalex.org/W2611387347","https://openalex.org/W2611469292","https://openalex.org/W2612506043","https://openalex.org/W2623697879","https://openalex.org/W2653542547","https://openalex.org/W2726915545","https://openalex.org/W2730685682","https://openalex.org/W2731589626","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2749754673","https://openalex.org/W2751571889","https://openalex.org/W2752864560","https://openalex.org/W2755454789","https://openalex.org/W2768910390","https://openalex.org/W2771534660","https://openalex.org/W2776656643","https://openalex.org/W2776768503","https://openalex.org/W2777658955","https://openalex.org/W2789251334","https://openalex.org/W2796378293","https://openalex.org/W2801476520","https://openalex.org/W2804721500","https://openalex.org/W2809325775","https://openalex.org/W2886032298","https://openalex.org/W2895346482","https://openalex.org/W2899380713","https://openalex.org/W2903525067","https://openalex.org/W2952145638","https://openalex.org/W2963259149","https://openalex.org/W2963809637","https://openalex.org/W2963830578","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W3046579346","https://openalex.org/W3099019051","https://openalex.org/W3104785315","https://openalex.org/W4212839863","https://openalex.org/W4255306344","https://openalex.org/W6611693991","https://openalex.org/W6628331383","https://openalex.org/W6628707120","https://openalex.org/W6631008727","https://openalex.org/W6635458896","https://openalex.org/W6637448360","https://openalex.org/W6647926910","https://openalex.org/W6650551264","https://openalex.org/W6650645384","https://openalex.org/W6663983429","https://openalex.org/W6670131779","https://openalex.org/W6678241142","https://openalex.org/W6679995126","https://openalex.org/W6704426490","https://openalex.org/W6713440441","https://openalex.org/W6728763228","https://openalex.org/W6756557238","https://openalex.org/W6835908357","https://openalex.org/W7020811414"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952732400","https://openalex.org/W2184477643","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2319598896","https://openalex.org/W2181546831","https://openalex.org/W2920823420","https://openalex.org/W2064098812","https://openalex.org/W2058007530","https://openalex.org/W3208231944","https://openalex.org/W2905601798","https://openalex.org/W2806729898","https://openalex.org/W2865103122","https://openalex.org/W2781631233","https://openalex.org/W1968945650","https://openalex.org/W2945245599","https://openalex.org/W2557998141","https://openalex.org/W2973010884","https://openalex.org/W184161523","https://openalex.org/W3106393161","https://openalex.org/W1544401233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"and":[1,31,36,62,85,139,155,207,217],"future":[2],"wireless":[3,70,79,81,86,194],"applications":[4],"strongly":[5],"rely":[6],"on":[7,77],"precise":[8],"real-time":[9],"localization.":[10,115,196],"A":[11],"number":[12,67],"of":[13,20,68,107,113,117,127,132,136,179],"applications,":[14],"such":[15,124],"as":[16,125],"smart":[17],"cities,":[18],"Internet":[19],"Things":[21],"(IoT),":[22],"medical":[23],"services,":[24],"automotive":[25],"industry,":[26],"underwater":[27],"exploration,":[28],"public":[29],"safety,":[30],"military":[32],"systems":[33],"require":[34,121,158],"reliable":[35],"accurate":[37],"localization":[38,72,94,119,148,172,209],"techniques.":[39],"Generally,":[40],"the":[41,47,105,108,118,152,159,169,180,190],"most":[42],"popular":[43],"localization/positioning":[44],"system":[45,50],"is":[46,177,203],"global":[48],"positioning":[49],"(GPS).":[51],"GPS":[52],"works":[53],"well":[54],"for":[55,193,205],"outdoor":[56],"environments":[57],"but":[58],"fails":[59],"in":[60,189,211],"indoor":[61],"harsh":[63],"environments.":[64],"Therefore,":[65],"a":[66,200],"other":[69],"local":[71,87],"techniques":[73,95,120,149,165,210],"are":[74,145,166],"developed":[75],"based":[76],"terrestrial":[78],"networks,":[80,216],"sensor":[82],"networks":[83,89,195],"(WSNs),":[84],"area":[88],"(WLANs).":[90],"Also,":[91],"there":[92],"exist":[93],"which":[96,150,184],"fuse":[97],"two":[98],"or":[99],"more":[100],"technologies":[101],"to":[102],"find":[103],"out":[104],"location":[106],"user,":[109],"also":[110,146],"called":[111],"signal":[112,141],"opportunity-based":[114],"Most":[116],"ranging":[122,161],"measurements,":[123],"time":[126,130],"arrival":[128,133,137],"(ToA),":[129],"difference":[131],"(TDoA),":[134],"direction":[135],"(DoA),":[138],"received":[140],"strength":[142],"(RSS).":[143],"There":[144],"range-free":[147],"consider":[151],"proximity":[153],"information":[154],"do":[156],"not":[157],"actual":[160],"measurements.":[162],"Dimensionality":[163],"reduction":[164,182],"famous":[167],"among":[168],"range":[170],"free":[171],"schemes.":[173],"Multidimensional":[174],"scaling":[175],"(MDS)":[176],"one":[178],"dimensionality":[181],"technique":[183],"has":[185],"been":[186],"used":[187],"extensively":[188],"recent":[191],"past":[192],"In":[197],"this":[198],"paper,":[199],"comprehensive":[201],"survey":[202],"presented":[204],"MDS":[206],"MDS-based":[208],"WSNs,":[212],"IoT,":[213],"cognitive":[214],"radio":[215],"5G":[218],"networks.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2022-07-22T00:00:00"}