{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2964029185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2911558","title":"A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies","display_name":"A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2964029185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2911558","mag":"2964029185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2911558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2911558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022512709","display_name":"Faheem Zafari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-1745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faheem Zafari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042121560","display_name":"Athanasios Gkelias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2121-2435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athanasios Gkelias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020917506","display_name":"Kin K. Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3860-6257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kin K. Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022512709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":137.0225,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2314,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99995312,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"2568","last_page":"2599"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7720993757247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.7578089237213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.6621993780136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6137774586677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-awareness","display_name":"Location awareness","score":0.4915398061275482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.47949129343032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4758955240249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-based-service","display_name":"Location-based service","score":0.46690303087234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.46659234166145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.46015623211860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.45415204763412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45179957151412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.44514697790145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency-identification","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","score":0.4417880177497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultra-wideband","display_name":"Ultra-wideband","score":0.43960943818092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-strength","display_name":"Signal strength","score":0.41566628217697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.36350101232528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.24924856424331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18695563077926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1083160936832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.09630480408668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.09304970502853394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7720993757247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.7578089237213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.6621993780136108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6137774586677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776104089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15894079","display_name":"Location awareness","level":2,"score":0.4915398061275482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.47949129343032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4758955240249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155292070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1198122","display_name":"Location-based service","level":2,"score":0.46690303087234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.46659234166145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.46015623211860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.45415204763412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45179957151412964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44514697790145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204222849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104954","display_name":"Radio-frequency identification","level":2,"score":0.4417880177497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21916231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851424","display_name":"Ultra-wideband","level":2,"score":0.43960943818092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176808163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105794","display_name":"Signal strength","level":3,"score":0.41566628217697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.36350101232528687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.24924856424331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18695563077926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1083160936832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.09630480408668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.09304970502853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2019.2911558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2019.2911558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/69224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/69224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2599","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5201431165","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in High Performance Embedded and Distributed Systems","funder_award_id":"EP/L016796/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320283","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":185,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W63626580","https://openalex.org/W79481750","https://openalex.org/W127778897","https://openalex.org/W129276496","https://openalex.org/W187539745","https://openalex.org/W1155846567","https://openalex.org/W1440897814","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1481057382","https://openalex.org/W1502051944","https://openalex.org/W1518620453","https://openalex.org/W1565980524","https://openalex.org/W1572654998","https://openalex.org/W1585848321","https://openalex.org/W1585879837","https://openalex.org/W1747229408","https://openalex.org/W1931889857","https://openalex.org/W1936934537","https://openalex.org/W1971435823","https://openalex.org/W1975404935","https://openalex.org/W1975924107","https://openalex.org/W1976335297","https://openalex.org/W1977917536","https://openalex.org/W1983301216","https://openalex.org/W1989651117","https://openalex.org/W1995609398","https://openalex.org/W1997711495","https://openalex.org/W2001626625","https://openalex.org/W2004924319","https://openalex.org/W2005059864","https://openalex.org/W2007367530","https://openalex.org/W2009567154","https://openalex.org/W2010552799","https://openalex.org/W2011502582","https://openalex.org/W2011817192","https://openalex.org/W2012462772","https://openalex.org/W2013503669","https://openalex.org/W2014758824","https://openalex.org/W2017231306","https://openalex.org/W2018589614","https://openalex.org/W2021211356","https://openalex.org/W2022944058","https://openalex.org/W2031011191","https://openalex.org/W2037759417","https://openalex.org/W2038194220","https://openalex.org/W2040049909","https://openalex.org/W2040213547","https://openalex.org/W2042706896","https://openalex.org/W2042821893","https://openalex.org/W2044831755","https://openalex.org/W2048131511","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2052248394","https://openalex.org/W2054632425","https://openalex.org/W2062595290","https://openalex.org/W2063515917","https://openalex.org/W2068856195","https://openalex.org/W2073221271","https://openalex.org/W2073808079","https://openalex.org/W2075668855","https://openalex.org/W2077605568","https://openalex.org/W2081004296","https://openalex.org/W2086244907","https://openalex.org/W2090178842","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2105308437","https://openalex.org/W2106985027","https://openalex.org/W2107017519","https://openalex.org/W2108482152","https://openalex.org/W2108996251","https://openalex.org/W2111986491","https://openalex.org/W2112737587","https://openalex.org/W2112805769","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2114254062","https://openalex.org/W2115513410","https://openalex.org/W2115710963","https://openalex.org/W2116492537","https://openalex.org/W2116790923","https://openalex.org/W2119539043","https://openalex.org/W2120560180","https://openalex.org/W2122305929","https://openalex.org/W2122915435","https://openalex.org/W2123181676","https://openalex.org/W2124549658","https://openalex.org/W2129135597","https://openalex.org/W2130859118","https://openalex.org/W2133120670","https://openalex.org/W2133485188","https://openalex.org/W2134440651","https://openalex.org/W2136274821","https://openalex.org/W2136439602","https://openalex.org/W2139334658","https://openalex.org/W2142136129","https://openalex.org/W2142516371","https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2143737806","https://openalex.org/W2147628505","https://openalex.org/W2149840499","https://openalex.org/W2158090937","https://openalex.org/W2158777624","https://openalex.org/W2159737133","https://openalex.org/W2160337655","https://openalex.org/W2162718622","https://openalex.org/W2163993204","https://openalex.org/W2165158100","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2170240475","https://openalex.org/W2171785275","https://openalex.org/W2238723005","https://openalex.org/W2261451792","https://openalex.org/W2290675698","https://openalex.org/W2293895826","https://openalex.org/W2296534813","https://openalex.org/W2307851164","https://openalex.org/W2309512289","https://openalex.org/W2326926550","https://openalex.org/W2328516205","https://openalex.org/W2331639761","https://openalex.org/W2336759719","https://openalex.org/W2341720557","https://openalex.org/W2344069038","https://openalex.org/W2403864116","https://openalex.org/W2460055519","https://openalex.org/W2461877414","https://openalex.org/W2492351627","https://openalex.org/W2507862527","https://openalex.org/W2510413482","https://openalex.org/W2523791844","https://openalex.org/W2534066750","https://openalex.org/W2535073990","https://openalex.org/W2541788481","https://openalex.org/W2545413106","https://openalex.org/W2545788076","https://openalex.org/W2547042794","https://openalex.org/W2548049091","https://openalex.org/W2554376373","https://openalex.org/W2562522049","https://openalex.org/W2566910581","https://openalex.org/W2590050480","https://openalex.org/W2594569362","https://openalex.org/W2612506043","https://openalex.org/W2613032697","https://openalex.org/W2768026738","https://openalex.org/W2790544094","https://openalex.org/W2806729898","https://openalex.org/W2810114773","https://openalex.org/W2839170054","https://openalex.org/W2886888184","https://openalex.org/W2898500478","https://openalex.org/W2898502214","https://openalex.org/W2902468342","https://openalex.org/W2905593875","https://openalex.org/W2906825131","https://openalex.org/W2962691290","https://openalex.org/W2964180302","https://openalex.org/W2964278493","https://openalex.org/W2999214452","https://openalex.org/W3001044503","https://openalex.org/W3099019051","https://openalex.org/W3100991887","https://openalex.org/W3145120699","https://openalex.org/W3148316637","https://openalex.org/W4235733535","https://openalex.org/W4253925510","https://openalex.org/W4255464467","https://openalex.org/W6603228565","https://openalex.org/W6628331383","https://openalex.org/W6628833801","https://openalex.org/W6631008727","https://openalex.org/W6635170509","https://openalex.org/W6656119195","https://openalex.org/W6666190309","https://openalex.org/W6676938293","https://openalex.org/W6677603972","https://openalex.org/W6679561850","https://openalex.org/W6681301362","https://openalex.org/W6698302138","https://openalex.org/W6713440441","https://openalex.org/W6724803860","https://openalex.org/W6728818399","https://openalex.org/W6730122267","https://openalex.org/W6757568600","https://openalex.org/W7064435140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W189713034","https://openalex.org/W2088050110","https://openalex.org/W4241648783","https://openalex.org/W2997722037","https://openalex.org/W3204118479","https://openalex.org/W3043335126","https://openalex.org/W3016405810","https://openalex.org/W3126981429","https://openalex.org/W4387234286","https://openalex.org/W2124945426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"localization":[1,44,76,91,141,198],"has":[2],"recently":[3,71],"witnessed":[4],"an":[5,62],"increase":[6],"in":[7,38,46,134,159],"interest,":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,41,48,53,83,210],"the":[11,39,50,54,70,135,152,155,160,165,174,191,197],"potential":[12],"wide":[13],"range":[14],"of":[15,23,61,69,88,96,100,105,144,154,176],"services":[16,45,51],"it":[17],"can":[18],"provide":[19,42,84],"by":[20],"leveraging":[21],"Internet":[22],"Things":[24],"(IoT),":[25],"and":[26,33,74,108,128,142,147,185,200],"ubiquitous":[27],"connectivity.":[28],"Different":[29],"techniques,":[30,92,194],"wireless":[31],"technologies":[32,192],"mechanisms":[34],"have":[35,131],"been":[36,132],"proposed":[37,72,133,158],"literature":[40],"indoor":[43,90,212],"order":[47],"improve":[49],"provided":[52],"users.":[55],"However,":[56],"there":[57],"is":[58],"a":[59,85],"lack":[60],"up-to-date":[63],"survey":[64,87],"paper":[65,138],"that":[66,130],"incorporates":[67],"some":[68],"accurate":[73,211],"reliable":[75],"systems.":[77],"In":[78,162],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81,168,195],"aim":[82],"detailed":[86],"different":[89,171],"such":[93,116],"as":[94,117],"angle":[95],"arrival":[97],"(AoA),":[98],"time":[99,104],"flight":[101,106],"(ToF),":[102],"return":[103],"(RTOF),":[107],"received":[109],"signal":[110],"strength":[111],"(RSS);":[112],"based":[113],"on":[114],"technologies,":[115],"WiFi,":[118],"radio":[119],"frequency":[120],"identification":[121],"device":[122],"(RFID),":[123],"ultra":[124],"wideband":[125],"(UWB),":[126],"Bluetooth,":[127],"systems":[129,157,172,199],"literature.":[136,161],"This":[137],"primarily":[139],"discusses":[140],"positioning":[143],"human":[145],"users":[146],"their":[148,202],"devices.":[149],"We":[150,205],"highlight":[151],"strengths":[153],"existing":[156,166],"contrast":[163],"with":[164],"surveys,":[167],"also":[169,206],"evaluate":[170],"from":[173],"perspective":[175],"energy":[177],"efficiency,":[178],"availability,":[179],"cost,":[180],"reception":[181],"range,":[182],"latency,":[183],"scalability,":[184],"tracking":[186],"accuracy.":[187],"Rather":[188],"than":[189],"comparing":[190],"or":[193],"compare":[196],"summarize":[201],"working":[203],"principle.":[204],"discuss":[207],"remaining":[208],"challenges":[209],"localization.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":329},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":396},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":387},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":399},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":358},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":284},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":91},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}