{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2791124749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2018.2806558","title":"A Survey of Positioning Systems Using Visible LED Lights","display_name":"A Survey of Positioning Systems Using Visible LED Lights","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2791124749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2018.2806558","mag":"2791124749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2806558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2018.2806558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/38199/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066333395","display_name":"Yuan Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-9658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-9658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036704617","display_name":"Luchi Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0782-0613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luchi Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050873948","display_name":"Longning Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4082-5472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longning Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4082-5472","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030384645","display_name":"Jun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-0321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National ASIC Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-0321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National ASIC Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101928654","display_name":"Pan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8071-2862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire","ror":"https://ror.org/0267vjk41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Herts, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Herts, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006794082","display_name":"Yue Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2098-7637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2098-7637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065362219","display_name":"Yongpeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8210-5057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongpeng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8210-5057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minhang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061430082","display_name":"John Thompson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4605-9708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074320996","display_name":"Harald Haas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harald Haas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-2701","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.1321,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":605,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99864551,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"1963","last_page":"1988"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.8550119400024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.6684284806251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6531200408935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6268106698989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.589568018913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5814899206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.5337677001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/led-lamp","display_name":"LED lamp","score":0.5327090620994568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.4655761122703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.39475634694099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3868166208267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38195186853408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.3766450881958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2412112057209015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15879005193710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.08905193209648132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.8550119400024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.6684284806251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6531200408935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6268106698989868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.589568018913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5814899206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.5337677001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101271287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553201","display_name":"LED lamp","level":2,"score":0.5327090620994568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.4655761122703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.39475634694099426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3868166208267212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38195186853408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.3766450881958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2412112057209015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15879005193710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.08905193209648132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2018.2806558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2018.2806558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:38199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/38199/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uhra.herts.ac.uk:2299/20420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2299/20420","pdf_url":"https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/id/eprint/6968/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400241","display_name":"University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141584323","host_organization_name":"University of Hertfordshire","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141584323"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:38199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/38199/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3403640008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61474022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4617449541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007101/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2791124749.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2791124749.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":139,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W290129977","https://openalex.org/W368270136","https://openalex.org/W804066119","https://openalex.org/W1440897814","https://openalex.org/W1496986211","https://openalex.org/W1522105344","https://openalex.org/W1542403642","https://openalex.org/W1545923740","https://openalex.org/W1547124038","https://openalex.org/W1557510843","https://openalex.org/W1569831038","https://openalex.org/W1572501112","https://openalex.org/W1593984360","https://openalex.org/W1620042822","https://openalex.org/W1735722559","https://openalex.org/W1789817323","https://openalex.org/W1974019172","https://openalex.org/W1976761711","https://openalex.org/W1981373725","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W1984649364","https://openalex.org/W1987441863","https://openalex.org/W1989746572","https://openalex.org/W1993084281","https://openalex.org/W2000653475","https://openalex.org/W2000818097","https://openalex.org/W2002288746","https://openalex.org/W2002621213","https://openalex.org/W2011313974","https://openalex.org/W2011747473","https://openalex.org/W2011831153","https://openalex.org/W2016313659","https://openalex.org/W2018957166","https://openalex.org/W2022012240","https://openalex.org/W2022880751","https://openalex.org/W2033790484","https://openalex.org/W2033944049","https://openalex.org/W2036204720","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2048125517","https://openalex.org/W2050835902","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2052508040","https://openalex.org/W2053332248","https://openalex.org/W2055294224","https://openalex.org/W2056645936","https://openalex.org/W2057746230","https://openalex.org/W2062556647","https://openalex.org/W2063385268","https://openalex.org/W2063826576","https://openalex.org/W2065928551","https://openalex.org/W2067053438","https://openalex.org/W2072158021","https://openalex.org/W2073808079","https://openalex.org/W2075156824","https://openalex.org/W2076133339","https://openalex.org/W2079251198","https://openalex.org/W2081004296","https://openalex.org/W2085954835","https://openalex.org/W2087212800","https://openalex.org/W2089123344","https://openalex.org/W2089694482","https://openalex.org/W2097745168","https://openalex.org/W2100303002","https://openalex.org/W2104009208","https://openalex.org/W2105580634","https://openalex.org/W2109603334","https://openalex.org/W2111566853","https://openalex.org/W2111787305","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2124156864","https://openalex.org/W2124520030","https://openalex.org/W2124891231","https://openalex.org/W2125446515","https://openalex.org/W2126341321","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2134230709","https://openalex.org/W2135021336","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2146661052","https://openalex.org/W2147773521","https://openalex.org/W2151764418","https://openalex.org/W2152567496","https://openalex.org/W2152613565","https://openalex.org/W2157174876","https://openalex.org/W2157907881","https://openalex.org/W2160337655","https://openalex.org/W2162733643","https://openalex.org/W2166252931","https://openalex.org/W2167536191","https://openalex.org/W2168481080","https://openalex.org/W2169063056","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2172860135","https://openalex.org/W2219134023","https://openalex.org/W2222510144","https://openalex.org/W2289258940","https://openalex.org/W2294612870","https://openalex.org/W2304764108","https://openalex.org/W2307729741","https://openalex.org/W2316110866","https://openalex.org/W2319446332","https://openalex.org/W2322878107","https://openalex.org/W2334810269","https://openalex.org/W2343107556","https://openalex.org/W2379838048","https://openalex.org/W2427848051","https://openalex.org/W2473789578","https://openalex.org/W2474141698","https://openalex.org/W2491307037","https://openalex.org/W2506376746","https://openalex.org/W2507874657","https://openalex.org/W2518526649","https://openalex.org/W2523122228","https://openalex.org/W2527530399","https://openalex.org/W2533402265","https://openalex.org/W2534809010","https://openalex.org/W2555486891","https://openalex.org/W2566530308","https://openalex.org/W2586275356","https://openalex.org/W2590556184","https://openalex.org/W2596118521","https://openalex.org/W2605985194","https://openalex.org/W2741405195","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2752923167","https://openalex.org/W3101359622","https://openalex.org/W4233759611","https://openalex.org/W4302339339","https://openalex.org/W6622733805","https://openalex.org/W6628331383","https://openalex.org/W6636652518","https://openalex.org/W6638074738","https://openalex.org/W6650626294","https://openalex.org/W6650645384","https://openalex.org/W6673206890","https://openalex.org/W6676685727","https://openalex.org/W6676780147","https://openalex.org/W6682147813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W189713034","https://openalex.org/W2755401669","https://openalex.org/W2552390423","https://openalex.org/W2583886250","https://openalex.org/W3204118479","https://openalex.org/W2899058086","https://openalex.org/W1926767291","https://openalex.org/W2306569468","https://openalex.org/W3126613916","https://openalex.org/W2903896792"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Global":[1],"Positioning":[2],"System":[3],"(GPS)":[4],"cannot":[5],"provide":[6],"satisfying":[7],"performance":[8,150],"in":[9,27,52,75,207],"indoor":[10,12,17,77,144,163],"environments,":[11],"positioning":[13,96,127,145,165,185,209],"technology,":[14],"which":[15,104],"utilizes":[16],"wireless":[18,55,64],"signals":[19],"instead":[20],"of":[21,80,93,119],"GPS":[22],"signals,":[23],"has":[24,44,69,105],"grown":[25],"rapidly":[26],"recent":[28],"years.":[29],"Meanwhile,":[30],"visible":[31,100],"light":[32,36,40],"communication":[33],"(VLC)":[34],"using":[35],"devices":[37],"such":[38,154],"as":[39,155,197,199],"emitting":[41],"diodes":[42],"(LEDs)":[43],"been":[45],"deemed":[46],"to":[47],"be":[48],"a":[49,70,90,94,138],"promising":[50],"candidate":[51],"the":[53,188],"heterogeneous":[54],"networks":[56],"that":[57],"may":[58],"collaborate":[59],"with":[60],"radio":[61],"frequencies":[62],"(RF)":[63],"networks.":[65],"In":[66],"particular,":[67],"light-fidelity":[68],"great":[71],"potential":[72],"for":[73,187],"deployment":[74],"future":[76,204],"environments":[78],"because":[79],"its":[81],"high":[82],"throughput":[83],"and":[84,112,117,125,129,133,147,159,169,175,181,203],"security":[85],"advantages.":[86],"This":[87,135],"paper":[88,136,193],"provides":[89],"comprehensive":[91],"study":[92],"novel":[95],"technology":[97],"based":[98],"on":[99],"white":[101],"LED":[102],"lights,":[103],"attracted":[106],"much":[107],"attention":[108],"from":[109],"both":[110],"academia":[111],"industry.":[113],"The":[114],"essential":[115],"characteristics":[116],"principles":[118],"this":[120,192],"system":[121],"are":[122,131],"deeply":[123],"discussed,":[124],"relevant":[126],"algorithms":[128],"designs":[130],"classified":[132],"elaborated.":[134],"undertakes":[137],"thorough":[139],"investigation":[140],"into":[141],"current":[142],"LED-based":[143],"systems":[146,166,171],"compares":[148],"their":[149],"through":[151],"many":[152],"aspects,":[153],"test":[156],"environment,":[157],"accuracy,":[158],"cost.":[160],"It":[161],"presents":[162],"hybrid":[164],"among":[167],"VLC":[168,184,208],"other":[170],"(e.g.,":[172],"inertial":[173],"sensors":[174],"RF":[176],"systems).":[177],"We":[178],"also":[179],"review":[180],"classify":[182],"outdoor":[183],"applications":[186],"first":[189],"time.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"surveys":[194],"major":[195],"advances":[196],"well":[198],"open":[200],"issues,":[201],"challenges,":[202],"research":[205],"directions":[206],"systems.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":96},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
