{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2752737474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2748998","title":"Privacy in the Smart City\u2014Applications, Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions","display_name":"Privacy in the Smart City\u2014Applications, Technologies, Challenges, and Solutions","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2752737474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2748998","mag":"2752737474"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2748998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2748998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstreams/85baaa20-006b-4ac6-8ea3-2f0b7f312d39/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071303146","display_name":"David Eckhoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-0757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Eckhoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics and Embedded Systems Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2920-0757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics and Embedded Systems Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054296137","display_name":"Isabel Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0242-6278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","display_name":"De Montfort University","ror":"https://ror.org/0312pnr83","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber Security Centre, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0242-6278","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Centre, De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.0341,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":285,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99308875,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"489","last_page":"516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city","display_name":"Smart city","score":0.7157933115959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6737734079360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.6222394108772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5581881999969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5575244426727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.5225517153739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.36362043023109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3577704131603241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.7157933115959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6737734079360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.6222394108772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5581881999969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5575244426727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.5225517153739929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.36362043023109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3577704131603241}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2748998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2748998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dora.dmu.ac.uk:2086/14454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2086/14454","pdf_url":"https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstreams/85baaa20-006b-4ac6-8ea3-2f0b7f312d39/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400394","display_name":"DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","host_organization_name":"De Montfort University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dora.dmu.ac.uk:2086/14454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2086/14454","pdf_url":"https://dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstreams/85baaa20-006b-4ac6-8ea3-2f0b7f312d39/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400394","display_name":"DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66943878","host_organization_name":"De Montfort University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66943878"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2752737474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2752737474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":274,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20297030","https://openalex.org/W41288278","https://openalex.org/W72496981","https://openalex.org/W184146824","https://openalex.org/W245629753","https://openalex.org/W287184503","https://openalex.org/W431194966","https://openalex.org/W568887704","https://openalex.org/W610733200","https://openalex.org/W632190076","https://openalex.org/W1432312257","https://openalex.org/W1505843015","https://openalex.org/W1509550796","https://openalex.org/W1517949462","https://openalex.org/W1536564267","https://openalex.org/W1536868425","https://openalex.org/W1546167911","https://openalex.org/W1550777847","https://openalex.org/W1559136758","https://openalex.org/W1567112666","https://openalex.org/W1575093124","https://openalex.org/W1595357546","https://openalex.org/W1595567785","https://openalex.org/W1598152077","https://openalex.org/W1600910872","https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W1638773224","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1711940457","https://openalex.org/W1758812744","https://openalex.org/W1800181372","https://openalex.org/W1820095901","https://openalex.org/W1857045448","https://openalex.org/W1869319442","https://openalex.org/W1900973394","https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W1929168187","https://openalex.org/W1952161176","https://openalex.org/W1963971515","https://openalex.org/W1968752677","https://openalex.org/W1969035815","https://openalex.org/W1970606468","https://openalex.org/W1971673042","https://openalex.org/W1973309971","https://openalex.org/W1974963036","https://openalex.org/W1975153313","https://openalex.org/W1976188373","https://openalex.org/W1978183200","https://openalex.org/W1980961265","https://openalex.org/W1983471723","https://openalex.org/W1984680759","https://openalex.org/W1987216779","https://openalex.org/W1988037376","https://openalex.org/W1988688732","https://openalex.org/W1990295011","https://openalex.org/W1993673439","https://openalex.org/W2000239500","https://openalex.org/W2004022907","https://openalex.org/W2005541978","https://openalex.org/W2006481680","https://openalex.org/W2013317379","https://openalex.org/W2013400780","https://openalex.org/W2014480560","https://openalex.org/W2021432364","https://openalex.org/W2026150550","https://openalex.org/W2027037163","https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2029963612","https://openalex.org/W2030384189","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2031925412","https://openalex.org/W2032160998","https://openalex.org/W2032616120","https://openalex.org/W2033811191","https://openalex.org/W2036144257","https://openalex.org/W2036293592","https://openalex.org/W2037357643","https://openalex.org/W2038178117","https://openalex.org/W2044087439","https://openalex.org/W2044304742","https://openalex.org/W2044931626","https://openalex.org/W2044985623","https://openalex.org/W2045467487","https://openalex.org/W2045726900","https://openalex.org/W2049452590","https://openalex.org/W2052476756","https://openalex.org/W2054632425","https://openalex.org/W2056773559","https://openalex.org/W2058300150","https://openalex.org/W2059465213","https://openalex.org/W2060340789","https://openalex.org/W2060692877","https://openalex.org/W2061139471","https://openalex.org/W2063544734","https://openalex.org/W2065336436","https://openalex.org/W2067064328","https://openalex.org/W2067111624","https://openalex.org/W2068339260","https://openalex.org/W2074013628","https://openalex.org/W2074855078","https://openalex.org/W2077842246","https://openalex.org/W2082894754","https://openalex.org/W2084443485","https://openalex.org/W2089525884","https://openalex.org/W2090357016","https://openalex.org/W2092422002","https://openalex.org/W2092685727","https://openalex.org/W2093822404","https://openalex.org/W2096219879","https://openalex.org/W2096356985","https://openalex.org/W2098172020","https://openalex.org/W2100314538","https://openalex.org/W2101577935","https://openalex.org/W2101609731","https://openalex.org/W2102832611","https://openalex.org/W2102859083","https://openalex.org/W2103370348","https://openalex.org/W2103806120","https://openalex.org/W2104599106","https://openalex.org/W2106584402","https://openalex.org/W2107846430","https://openalex.org/W2108357061","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2108932743","https://openalex.org/W2109768653","https://openalex.org/W2113858520","https://openalex.org/W2115672204","https://openalex.org/W2116560806","https://openalex.org/W2116668505","https://openalex.org/W2117685508","https://openalex.org/W2118073066","https://openalex.org/W2118090325","https://openalex.org/W2118875948","https://openalex.org/W2119067110","https://openalex.org/W2120562931","https://openalex.org/W2120869110","https://openalex.org/W2121955477","https://openalex.org/W2123536646","https://openalex.org/W2124219131","https://openalex.org/W2124522379","https://openalex.org/W2124612670","https://openalex.org/W2124756511","https://openalex.org/W2125858711","https://openalex.org/W2126729912","https://openalex.org/W2127681657","https://openalex.org/W2130553876","https://openalex.org/W2131368080","https://openalex.org/W2131797386","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2132324289","https://openalex.org/W2132678785","https://openalex.org/W2134167315","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2134569016","https://openalex.org/W2134894205","https://openalex.org/W2135930857","https://openalex.org/W2136114025","https://openalex.org/W2136210199","https://openalex.org/W2136631923","https://openalex.org/W2137816999","https://openalex.org/W2138001464","https://openalex.org/W2139061144","https://openalex.org/W2140491322","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2141456801","https://openalex.org/W2141854027","https://openalex.org/W2142145056","https://openalex.org/W2142406320","https://openalex.org/W2144992712","https://openalex.org/W2145561519","https://openalex.org/W2145994642","https://openalex.org/W2146663104","https://openalex.org/W2149280729","https://openalex.org/W2150854643","https://openalex.org/W2153500642","https://openalex.org/W2155196221","https://openalex.org/W2155404021","https://openalex.org/W2156731539","https://openalex.org/W2157855380","https://openalex.org/W2158474152","https://openalex.org/W2159024459","https://openalex.org/W2165210192","https://openalex.org/W2165252707","https://openalex.org/W2166939545","https://openalex.org/W2166971704","https://openalex.org/W2167873099","https://openalex.org/W2180277696","https://openalex.org/W2184404623","https://openalex.org/W2188761011","https://openalex.org/W2209461992","https://openalex.org/W2237023204","https://openalex.org/W2240248766","https://openalex.org/W2249841686","https://openalex.org/W2256284630","https://openalex.org/W2263936035","https://openalex.org/W2293598903","https://openalex.org/W2300111954","https://openalex.org/W2313139278","https://openalex.org/W2316143475","https://openalex.org/W2334793245","https://openalex.org/W2345117577","https://openalex.org/W2346489481","https://openalex.org/W2347111810","https://openalex.org/W2351425503","https://openalex.org/W2396990923","https://openalex.org/W2416011847","https://openalex.org/W2487965993","https://openalex.org/W2498737761","https://openalex.org/W2510244456","https://openalex.org/W2524624957","https://openalex.org/W2526952572","https://openalex.org/W2527386436","https://openalex.org/W2580851097","https://openalex.org/W2607854773","https://openalex.org/W2610364977","https://openalex.org/W2616332126","https://openalex.org/W2616399258","https://openalex.org/W2734695534","https://openalex.org/W2781306982","https://openalex.org/W2804576867","https://openalex.org/W2889624440","https://openalex.org/W2890279363","https://openalex.org/W2911978475","https://openalex.org/W2943565749","https://openalex.org/W2951925211","https://openalex.org/W2988447892","https://openalex.org/W2996857086","https://openalex.org/W3009105330","https://openalex.org/W3105636147","https://openalex.org/W3122049610","https://openalex.org/W3123012225","https://openalex.org/W3123606170","https://openalex.org/W3123972088","https://openalex.org/W3124524953","https://openalex.org/W3125862264","https://openalex.org/W3135076088","https://openalex.org/W3141585064","https://openalex.org/W3151275017","https://openalex.org/W3214846356","https://openalex.org/W4213004985","https://openalex.org/W4241342682","https://openalex.org/W4246666838","https://openalex.org/W4254339358","https://openalex.org/W4294621652","https://openalex.org/W4300869287","https://openalex.org/W4302290326","https://openalex.org/W6602972026","https://openalex.org/W6620039803","https://openalex.org/W6630187504","https://openalex.org/W6630219687","https://openalex.org/W6634401820","https://openalex.org/W6635551163","https://openalex.org/W6635773462","https://openalex.org/W6637902619","https://openalex.org/W6638113027","https://openalex.org/W6638453695","https://openalex.org/W6640465341","https://openalex.org/W6658713452","https://openalex.org/W6665500737","https://openalex.org/W6682188453","https://openalex.org/W6682324864","https://openalex.org/W6683621135","https://openalex.org/W6687568838","https://openalex.org/W6712489782","https://openalex.org/W6715939640","https://openalex.org/W6725760337","https://openalex.org/W6737454102","https://openalex.org/W6738110352","https://openalex.org/W6741411955","https://openalex.org/W6751630514","https://openalex.org/W6758947373","https://openalex.org/W6764468793","https://openalex.org/W6791944933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2584827882","https://openalex.org/W3038106605","https://openalex.org/W4225340788","https://openalex.org/W4312902938","https://openalex.org/W3024522029","https://openalex.org/W2528109871","https://openalex.org/W2940702331","https://openalex.org/W3195097297","https://openalex.org/W1990049675","https://openalex.org/W3093416797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"modern":[1],"cities":[2,20,84,133],"strive":[3],"to":[4,14,31,110,152],"integrate":[5],"information":[6],"technology":[7],"into":[8],"every":[9],"aspect":[10],"of":[11,26,59,82,128,155],"city":[12,40],"life":[13],"create":[15],"so-called":[16],"smart":[17,83,157],"cities.":[18,158],"Smart":[19],"rely":[21],"on":[22,117],"a":[23,69,79,148],"large":[24],"number":[25],"application":[27,95],"areas":[28],"and":[29,39,65,85,102,137],"technologies":[30],"realize":[32],"complex":[33],"interactions":[34],"between":[35],"citizens,":[36],"third":[37],"parties,":[38],"departments.":[41],"This":[42],"overwhelming":[43],"complexity":[44],"is":[45,89],"one":[46],"reason":[47],"why":[48],"holistic":[49],"privacy":[50,60,87,99],"protection":[51],"only":[52],"rarely":[53],"enters":[54],"the":[55,94,106,111,126,129,135,153],"picture.":[56],"A":[57],"lack":[58],"can":[61,145],"result":[62],"in":[63,131],"discrimination":[64],"social":[66],"sorting,":[67],"creating":[68],"fundamentally":[70],"unequal":[71],"society.":[72],"To":[73],"prevent":[74],"this,":[75],"we":[76,120],"believe":[77],"that":[78],"better":[80],"understanding":[81],"their":[86],"implications":[88],"needed.":[90],"We":[91],"therefore":[92],"systematize":[93],"areas,":[96],"enabling":[97],"technologies,":[98,124],"types,":[100],"attackers,":[101],"data":[103],"sources":[104],"for":[105],"attacks,":[107],"giving":[108],"structure":[109],"fuzzy":[112],"term":[113],"\u201csmart":[114],"city.\u201d":[115],"Based":[116],"our":[118],"taxonomies,":[119],"describe":[121],"existing":[122],"privacy-enhancing":[123],"review":[125],"state":[127],"art":[130],"real":[132],"around":[134],"world,":[136],"discuss":[138],"promising":[139],"future":[140],"research":[141],"directions.":[142],"Our":[143],"survey":[144],"serve":[146],"as":[147],"reference":[149],"guide,":[150],"contributing":[151],"development":[154],"privacy-friendly":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}