{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2731474427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2720690","title":"Distributed and Collaborative Beamforming in Wireless Sensor Networks: Classifications, Trends, and Research Directions","display_name":"Distributed and Collaborative Beamforming in Wireless Sensor Networks: Classifications, Trends, and Research Directions","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2731474427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2720690","mag":"2731474427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2720690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2720690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085768105","display_name":"Suhanya Jayaprakasam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-3163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suhanya Jayaprakasam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Systems Laboratory, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-3163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Systems Laboratory, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032796140","display_name":"Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4511-1989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012672843","display_name":"Chee Yen Leow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6418-0184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Yen Leow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085768105"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":205.385,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":179,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99967486,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"2092","last_page":"2116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8714768290519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7794647812843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.69980788230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6564225554466248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6274169683456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.566756546497345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.5139419436454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.481080025434494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.46116939187049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3546048402786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33266979455947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.29180771112442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.10956797003746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10269626975059509}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8714768290519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7794647812843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.69980788230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6564225554466248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6274169683456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.566756546497345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.5139419436454773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.481080025434494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.46116939187049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3546048402786255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33266979455947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29180771112442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.10956797003746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10269626975059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2720690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2720690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":207,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47717773","https://openalex.org/W149043003","https://openalex.org/W380649816","https://openalex.org/W1509889817","https://openalex.org/W1539918940","https://openalex.org/W1542326314","https://openalex.org/W1572592588","https://openalex.org/W1587296383","https://openalex.org/W1597953875","https://openalex.org/W1619779794","https://openalex.org/W1679940141","https://openalex.org/W1950112179","https://openalex.org/W1964339181","https://openalex.org/W1967168018","https://openalex.org/W1967698183","https://openalex.org/W1970737649","https://openalex.org/W1971502869","https://openalex.org/W1972481400","https://openalex.org/W1974849590","https://openalex.org/W1975560312","https://openalex.org/W1977460015","https://openalex.org/W1978975021","https://openalex.org/W1982497740","https://openalex.org/W1984661114","https://openalex.org/W1985618144","https://openalex.org/W1986681576","https://openalex.org/W1987053632","https://openalex.org/W1987986140","https://openalex.org/W1989840033","https://openalex.org/W1991922202","https://openalex.org/W1992670015","https://openalex.org/W1992942660","https://openalex.org/W1995071099","https://openalex.org/W1995472173","https://openalex.org/W1996511057","https://openalex.org/W1996575253","https://openalex.org/W1997183223","https://openalex.org/W1997887828","https://openalex.org/W2004584480","https://openalex.org/W2007042312","https://openalex.org/W2007300012","https://openalex.org/W2016412950","https://openalex.org/W2021471051","https://openalex.org/W2023567180","https://openalex.org/W2027659043","https://openalex.org/W2029117537","https://openalex.org/W2032121723","https://openalex.org/W2033139081","https://openalex.org/W2033503324","https://openalex.org/W2037825513","https://openalex.org/W2045567371","https://openalex.org/W2046214195","https://openalex.org/W2046652955","https://openalex.org/W2047310539","https://openalex.org/W2049040575","https://openalex.org/W2049516452","https://openalex.org/W2052709136","https://openalex.org/W2052895904","https://openalex.org/W2060357756","https://openalex.org/W2060868854","https://openalex.org/W2061253240","https://openalex.org/W2062142178","https://openalex.org/W2064310069","https://openalex.org/W2064875147","https://openalex.org/W2066504017","https://openalex.org/W2069562152","https://openalex.org/W2071331544","https://openalex.org/W2072858045","https://openalex.org/W2079802358","https://openalex.org/W2084026635","https://openalex.org/W2088004223","https://openalex.org/W2088155579","https://openalex.org/W2090610320","https://openalex.org/W2096488726","https://openalex.org/W2097231296","https://openalex.org/W2097329427","https://openalex.org/W2098365599","https://openalex.org/W2098745442","https://openalex.org/W2099088716","https://openalex.org/W2099422616","https://openalex.org/W2099783111","https://openalex.org/W2100235421","https://openalex.org/W2100331213","https://openalex.org/W2101560327","https://openalex.org/W2102636795","https://openalex.org/W2103895872","https://openalex.org/W2106362807","https://openalex.org/W2106616990","https://openalex.org/W2108471603","https://openalex.org/W2109342312","https://openalex.org/W2109667775","https://openalex.org/W2109806353","https://openalex.org/W2109970789","https://openalex.org/W2109975601","https://openalex.org/W2110841448","https://openalex.org/W2111417022","https://openalex.org/W2111570947","https://openalex.org/W2112114582","https://openalex.org/W2112860741","https://openalex.org/W2113462254","https://openalex.org/W2114449633","https://openalex.org/W2117787771","https://openalex.org/W2118623524","https://openalex.org/W2122069823","https://openalex.org/W2122795730","https://openalex.org/W2122844942","https://openalex.org/W2124642768","https://openalex.org/W2127303624","https://openalex.org/W2130780792","https://openalex.org/W2131468399","https://openalex.org/W2132418756","https://openalex.org/W2134398664","https://openalex.org/W2134691354","https://openalex.org/W2139168129","https://openalex.org/W2140147750","https://openalex.org/W2140805151","https://openalex.org/W2141248842","https://openalex.org/W2141652466","https://openalex.org/W2142526984","https://openalex.org/W2143499637","https://openalex.org/W2146373091","https://openalex.org/W2148172405","https://openalex.org/W2148818990","https://openalex.org/W2149051554","https://openalex.org/W2149539594","https://openalex.org/W2151816983","https://openalex.org/W2153042018","https://openalex.org/W2153552651","https://openalex.org/W2153600628","https://openalex.org/W2153680620","https://openalex.org/W2158881841","https://openalex.org/W2158923105","https://openalex.org/W2159247703","https://openalex.org/W2160840679","https://openalex.org/W2161033802","https://openalex.org/W2167818879","https://openalex.org/W2168673745","https://openalex.org/W2171377712","https://openalex.org/W2182847168","https://openalex.org/W2183369664","https://openalex.org/W2201322366","https://openalex.org/W2214742514","https://openalex.org/W2260925048","https://openalex.org/W2267240598","https://openalex.org/W2268751503","https://openalex.org/W2280240759","https://openalex.org/W2285198146","https://openalex.org/W2288560203","https://openalex.org/W2288612292","https://openalex.org/W2305718180","https://openalex.org/W2320112966","https://openalex.org/W2328425953","https://openalex.org/W2342765498","https://openalex.org/W2342863993","https://openalex.org/W2343518240","https://openalex.org/W2344534016","https://openalex.org/W2358558301","https://openalex.org/W2388608045","https://openalex.org/W2395554370","https://openalex.org/W2409640929","https://openalex.org/W2427926432","https://openalex.org/W2464215524","https://openalex.org/W2466875380","https://openalex.org/W2468858020","https://openalex.org/W2484925084","https://openalex.org/W2502105793","https://openalex.org/W2508163600","https://openalex.org/W2514256458","https://openalex.org/W2523219060","https://openalex.org/W2523409570","https://openalex.org/W2527672921","https://openalex.org/W2531775104","https://openalex.org/W2534124856","https://openalex.org/W2536636168","https://openalex.org/W2541243745","https://openalex.org/W2543252412","https://openalex.org/W2545735026","https://openalex.org/W2547785901","https://openalex.org/W2566866831","https://openalex.org/W2571303926","https://openalex.org/W2581974528","https://openalex.org/W2582457800","https://openalex.org/W2585361761","https://openalex.org/W2595145762","https://openalex.org/W2595858050","https://openalex.org/W2604321178","https://openalex.org/W2609439950","https://openalex.org/W2610758484","https://openalex.org/W2611497006","https://openalex.org/W3098915991","https://openalex.org/W4230662629","https://openalex.org/W4394755544","https://openalex.org/W6612863058","https://openalex.org/W6640507687","https://openalex.org/W6652087194","https://openalex.org/W6657557857","https://openalex.org/W6666192674","https://openalex.org/W6675396434","https://openalex.org/W6683148319","https://openalex.org/W6683809228","https://openalex.org/W6683911983","https://openalex.org/W6686326965","https://openalex.org/W6692376166","https://openalex.org/W6695490478","https://openalex.org/W6706830188","https://openalex.org/W6721896688","https://openalex.org/W6865037478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131630752","https://openalex.org/W1978722178","https://openalex.org/W3006472877","https://openalex.org/W4287867257","https://openalex.org/W3047268856","https://openalex.org/W2602139996","https://openalex.org/W2785477058","https://openalex.org/W2063383398","https://openalex.org/W2242910500","https://openalex.org/W2536344710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0],"and":[1,26,33,55,85,100,129,142,180,184,192,201,206,231],"collaborative":[2,34,86,130,202,232],"beamforming":[3,35,87,131,203,233],"(DCBF)":[4],"scheme":[5],"in":[6,15,23,63,110,132,154,198,226,234],"wireless":[7,24,70],"sensor":[8],"networks":[9],"(WSNs)":[10],"is":[11],"receiving":[12],"newfound":[13],"interest":[14,109],"recent":[16],"times":[17],"due":[18,51],"to":[19,52,102],"the":[20,45,64,108,124,138,148,155,199,207,211,227],"rapid":[21],"advancements":[22],"technology":[25],"embedded":[27],"systems.":[28],"Although":[29],"studies":[30],"on":[31,123],"distributed":[32,84,128,200,230],"have":[36,152],"been":[37],"carried":[38],"out":[39],"for":[40,92,157],"more":[41],"than":[42],"ten":[43],"years,":[44],"DCBF":[46,139],"was":[47],"initially":[48],"considered":[49],"impractical":[50],"high":[53,75],"complexity":[54],"hardly":[56],"achievable":[57],"requirements.":[58],"It":[59],"gained":[60],"prominence":[61],"only":[62],"past":[65],"few":[66],"years":[67],"as":[68,88,97],"small":[69],"communication":[71,94,99],"electronic":[72],"sensors":[73],"with":[74],"processing":[76],"capability":[77],"became":[78],"easily":[79],"available.":[80],"Recent":[81],"works":[82],"showcasing":[83],"a":[89,121],"suitable":[90],"solution":[91],"5G":[93],"systems":[95],"such":[96],"mm-wave":[98],"machine":[101,103],"communications":[104],"has":[105,221],"further":[106],"ignited":[107],"this":[111,118,219],"research":[112,125,140,167,175,196,215,224],"field.":[113],"Motivated":[114],"by":[115],"these":[116],"factors,":[117],"paper":[119,220],"presents":[120],"survey":[122,161],"trends":[126],"of":[127,137,147,165,194,213,229],"WSNs.":[133,235],"We":[134],"provide":[135],"classifications":[136],"areas":[141],"conduct":[143],"an":[144],"extensive":[145],"review":[146],"various":[149],"proposals":[150],"which":[151],"appeared":[153],"literature":[156],"each":[158,195],"classification.":[159],"This":[160],"uncovered":[162],"that":[163],"majority":[164],"existing":[166],"can":[168],"be":[169],"broadly":[170],"divided":[171],"into":[172],"four":[173],"major":[174],"trends:":[176],"beampattern":[177],"analysis,":[178],"power":[179],"lifetime":[181],"optimization,":[182],"synchronization,":[183],"finally,":[185],"prototype":[186],"design.":[187],"The":[188],"inherent":[189],"features,":[190],"constraints":[191],"challenges":[193],"category":[197],"are":[204,216],"presented":[205],"lessons":[208],"learned":[209],"from":[210],"shortcomings":[212],"previous":[214],"summarized.":[217],"Finally,":[218],"unveiled":[222],"open":[223],"directions":[225],"field":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-26T08:31:28.666265","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
