{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2612506043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2703620","title":"Localization and Positioning Systems for Emergency Responders: A Survey","display_name":"Localization and Positioning Systems for Emergency Responders: A Survey","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2612506043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2703620","mag":"2612506043"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2703620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2703620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003483390","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 G. Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-5468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Filipe Goncalves Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-5468","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030845187","display_name":"Duarte Fernandes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-5812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duarte Manuel Azevedo Fernandes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033965448","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 P. Catarino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2907-6845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Paulo Catarino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042599719","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Monteiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3287-3995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao L. Monteiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":186,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97808527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"2836","last_page":"2870"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.6980551481246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6185187697410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5229076743125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5136155486106873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.45041510462760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-response","display_name":"Emergency response","score":0.4136880934238434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2316223680973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.1415081024169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13093248009681702}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.6980551481246948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6185187697410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5229076743125916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5136155486106873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.45041510462760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017997152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q814610","display_name":"Emergency response","level":2,"score":0.4136880934238434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2316223680973053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.1415081024169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13093248009681702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2703620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2703620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt:1822/51758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1822/51758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401240","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3riUM (Universidade do Minho)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","host_organization_name":"University of Minho","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorium.uminho.pt:1822/51758","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1822/51758","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1246173544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2639479955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Pest OE/EEI/UI0319/2014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6622058035","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFRH/BD/92082/2012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6756498839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFRH/BD/91477/2012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":133,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W123621796","https://openalex.org/W307426210","https://openalex.org/W804066119","https://openalex.org/W856780141","https://openalex.org/W1492187049","https://openalex.org/W1497337727","https://openalex.org/W1518620453","https://openalex.org/W1552194366","https://openalex.org/W1573358362","https://openalex.org/W1578158175","https://openalex.org/W1593025972","https://openalex.org/W1599285824","https://openalex.org/W1850328252","https://openalex.org/W1917840669","https://openalex.org/W1922598555","https://openalex.org/W1963996689","https://openalex.org/W1968731770","https://openalex.org/W1969782157","https://openalex.org/W1974883982","https://openalex.org/W1983183511","https://openalex.org/W1985194829","https://openalex.org/W1986158416","https://openalex.org/W1989890545","https://openalex.org/W2001724057","https://openalex.org/W2001755244","https://openalex.org/W2005670532","https://openalex.org/W2006023663","https://openalex.org/W2006036128","https://openalex.org/W2006805041","https://openalex.org/W2014629162","https://openalex.org/W2018912062","https://openalex.org/W2020835666","https://openalex.org/W2021111591","https://openalex.org/W2028082528","https://openalex.org/W2034214983","https://openalex.org/W2040164623","https://openalex.org/W2043200595","https://openalex.org/W2044831755","https://openalex.org/W2045111374","https://openalex.org/W2047654083","https://openalex.org/W2048367574","https://openalex.org/W2050902384","https://openalex.org/W2055338934","https://openalex.org/W2060768700","https://openalex.org/W2061676405","https://openalex.org/W2066907720","https://openalex.org/W2076818956","https://openalex.org/W2079850979","https://openalex.org/W2080323312","https://openalex.org/W2083754578","https://openalex.org/W2088803835","https://openalex.org/W2090792358","https://openalex.org/W2091018038","https://openalex.org/W2092016992","https://openalex.org/W2096524691","https://openalex.org/W2100638775","https://openalex.org/W2100773074","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2101165642","https://openalex.org/W2102619686","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2106391266","https://openalex.org/W2108482152","https://openalex.org/W2108996251","https://openalex.org/W2111575476","https://openalex.org/W2111784981","https://openalex.org/W2113678645","https://openalex.org/W2116969502","https://openalex.org/W2118890679","https://openalex.org/W2118975298","https://openalex.org/W2126994997","https://openalex.org/W2128190945","https://openalex.org/W2128544257","https://openalex.org/W2133485188","https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2145353583","https://openalex.org/W2146345399","https://openalex.org/W2147016173","https://openalex.org/W2147402755","https://openalex.org/W2147700037","https://openalex.org/W2148181174","https://openalex.org/W2149064020","https://openalex.org/W2151503368","https://openalex.org/W2151852064","https://openalex.org/W2156210724","https://openalex.org/W2158772340","https://openalex.org/W2159502462","https://openalex.org/W2163424174","https://openalex.org/W2165339248","https://openalex.org/W2166873320","https://openalex.org/W2171720331","https://openalex.org/W2240192984","https://openalex.org/W2243031192","https://openalex.org/W2278572312","https://openalex.org/W2296870889","https://openalex.org/W2341433667","https://openalex.org/W2497041509","https://openalex.org/W2512943163","https://openalex.org/W2526172608","https://openalex.org/W2534276235","https://openalex.org/W2550115304","https://openalex.org/W2565054776","https://openalex.org/W2565424434","https://openalex.org/W2611331254","https://openalex.org/W2738201746","https://openalex.org/W2761597974","https://openalex.org/W3022930387","https://openalex.org/W3037464706","https://openalex.org/W3102684045","https://openalex.org/W3157784825","https://openalex.org/W4248122000","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6605105610","https://openalex.org/W6622733805","https://openalex.org/W6623475107","https://openalex.org/W6629401500","https://openalex.org/W6631008727","https://openalex.org/W6633043861","https://openalex.org/W6634389628","https://openalex.org/W6635945162","https://openalex.org/W6638791442","https://openalex.org/W6665814670","https://openalex.org/W6681706211","https://openalex.org/W6682163903","https://openalex.org/W6690264190","https://openalex.org/W6690274725","https://openalex.org/W6697504211","https://openalex.org/W6730802904","https://openalex.org/W6731577352","https://openalex.org/W6741349199","https://openalex.org/W6744638978","https://openalex.org/W6777522274","https://openalex.org/W6794267861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3024912289","https://openalex.org/W2415747217","https://openalex.org/W2143767096","https://openalex.org/W2561023719","https://openalex.org/W4382644910","https://openalex.org/W3122896710","https://openalex.org/W2767243914","https://openalex.org/W2079003431","https://openalex.org/W2326756920","https://openalex.org/W2155132045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"availability":[1],"of":[2,27,52,59,94,100,116,127,138,170,187],"a":[3,124,155],"reliable":[4],"and":[5,32,44,70,89,104,122,131,136,152,162,191],"accurate":[6],"indoor":[7,65,76],"positioning":[8,61],"system":[9,62],"(IPS)":[10],"for":[11,75,119,147],"emergency":[12,30,84,120,148],"responders":[13,31,85,121],"during":[14],"on-duty":[15,53],"missions":[16],"is":[17,179],"regarded":[18],"as":[19,46,48,174,176],"an":[20,95,117,168],"essential":[21],"tool":[22,37],"to":[23,56],"improve":[24],"situational":[25],"awareness":[26],"both":[28],"the":[29,33,40,50,57,79,92,98,113,128,134,142,158,184,188],"incident":[34],"commander.":[35],"This":[36,110],"would":[38],"facilitate":[39],"mission":[41],"planning,":[42],"coordination,":[43],"accomplishment,":[45],"well":[47,175],"decrease":[49],"number":[51],"deaths.":[54],"Due":[55],"absence":[58],"global":[60],"signal":[63],"in":[64],"environments,":[66],"many":[67],"other":[68],"signals":[69],"sensors":[71],"have":[72],"been":[73],"proposed":[74],"usage.":[77],"However,":[78],"challenging":[80],"scenarios":[81,149],"faced":[82],"by":[83],"imply":[86],"explicit":[87],"restrictions":[88],"requirements":[90,115],"on":[91,107,157],"design":[93,159],"IPS,":[96],"making":[97],"use":[99],"some":[101,192],"technologies,":[102],"techniques,":[103],"methods":[105],"inadequate":[106],"these":[108],"scenarios.":[109],"survey":[111],"identifies":[112],"specific":[114],"IPS":[118,172],"provides":[123],"tutorial":[125],"coverage":[126],"localization":[129],"techniques":[130],"methods,":[132],"highlighting":[133],"pros":[135],"cons":[137],"their":[139,177],"use.":[140],"Then,":[141],"existing":[143,189],"IPSs":[144,190],"specifically":[145],"developed":[146],"are":[150],"reviewed":[151],"compared":[153],"with":[154],"focus":[156],"choices,":[160],"requirements,":[161],"additional":[163],"features.":[164],"By":[165],"doing":[166],"so,":[167],"overview":[169],"current":[171],"schemes":[173],"performance":[178],"given.":[180],"Finally,":[181],"we":[182],"discuss":[183],"main":[185],"issues":[186],"future":[193],"directions.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}