{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2604420083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2690823","title":"SDN/NFV-Based Mobile Packet Core Network Architectures: A Survey","display_name":"SDN/NFV-Based Mobile Packet Core Network Architectures: A Survey","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2604420083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2690823","mag":"2604420083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2690823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2690823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-48206","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009529056","display_name":"Van\u2010Giang Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-8425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van-Giang Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9399-8425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004876884","display_name":"Anna Brunstr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Brunstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000713186","display_name":"Karl\u2010Johan Grinnemo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4147-9487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl-Johan Grinnemo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048747481","display_name":"Javid Taheri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9194-010X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javid Taheri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.5504,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":308,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99830037,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"1567","last_page":"1602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8263541460037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.6358861923217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5647610425949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5223827958106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-functions-virtualization","display_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","score":0.5174161195755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.480711966753006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4760451316833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-network","display_name":"Core network","score":0.46757060289382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4484656751155853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-virtualization","display_name":"Network virtualization","score":0.42741864919662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.38771796226501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3509058356285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.2387038767337799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12143075466156006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8263541460037231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.6358861923217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5647610425949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5223827958106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200789330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7000834","display_name":"Network Functions Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5174161195755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.480711966753006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4760451316833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5038329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Core network","level":2,"score":0.46757060289382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4484656751155853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779898492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Network virtualization","level":4,"score":0.42741864919662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.38771796226501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3509058356285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.2387038767337799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12143075466156006}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2690823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2690823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kau-48206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-48206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kau-48206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-48206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":183,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W331141525","https://openalex.org/W806409524","https://openalex.org/W1250805504","https://openalex.org/W1495097849","https://openalex.org/W1495963854","https://openalex.org/W1510157086","https://openalex.org/W1512012472","https://openalex.org/W1517313325","https://openalex.org/W1529620455","https://openalex.org/W1530585284","https://openalex.org/W1544376389","https://openalex.org/W1558897268","https://openalex.org/W1568536367","https://openalex.org/W1579339470","https://openalex.org/W1593857093","https://openalex.org/W1596374547","https://openalex.org/W1604047786","https://openalex.org/W1604234259","https://openalex.org/W1608999459","https://openalex.org/W1796714434","https://openalex.org/W1827216097","https://openalex.org/W1898202917","https://openalex.org/W1919739438","https://openalex.org/W1935173149","https://openalex.org/W1939285760","https://openalex.org/W1953687040","https://openalex.org/W1966127114","https://openalex.org/W1967912924","https://openalex.org/W1968366606","https://openalex.org/W1969068463","https://openalex.org/W1975458050","https://openalex.org/W1976017036","https://openalex.org/W1977985336","https://openalex.org/W1979480122","https://openalex.org/W1980959920","https://openalex.org/W1984252961","https://openalex.org/W1997691221","https://openalex.org/W2001584905","https://openalex.org/W2008794526","https://openalex.org/W2009051756","https://openalex.org/W2017606936","https://openalex.org/W2019395768","https://openalex.org/W2023539726","https://openalex.org/W2031754198","https://openalex.org/W2034292894","https://openalex.org/W2036114538","https://openalex.org/W2039579846","https://openalex.org/W2040340473","https://openalex.org/W2042308583","https://openalex.org/W2043456074","https://openalex.org/W2045345047","https://openalex.org/W2049303274","https://openalex.org/W2050499839","https://openalex.org/W2050542575","https://openalex.org/W2053737557","https://openalex.org/W2054473533","https://openalex.org/W2054876181","https://openalex.org/W2055350293","https://openalex.org/W2061994694","https://openalex.org/W2066940939","https://openalex.org/W2067244389","https://openalex.org/W2067453331","https://openalex.org/W2071644788","https://openalex.org/W2073718363","https://openalex.org/W2077179893","https://openalex.org/W2078831729","https://openalex.org/W2082832147","https://openalex.org/W2094656022","https://openalex.org/W2094870452","https://openalex.org/W2105005926","https://openalex.org/W2108296824","https://openalex.org/W2108756032","https://openalex.org/W2109583175","https://openalex.org/W2121458776","https://openalex.org/W2123372830","https://openalex.org/W2125560635","https://openalex.org/W2130972712","https://openalex.org/W2132238781","https://openalex.org/W2136835942","https://openalex.org/W2144127235","https://openalex.org/W2146678500","https://openalex.org/W2147118406","https://openalex.org/W2153078864","https://openalex.org/W2155593733","https://openalex.org/W2156956918","https://openalex.org/W2158172990","https://openalex.org/W2160944920","https://openalex.org/W2170915812","https://openalex.org/W2186961980","https://openalex.org/W2194189080","https://openalex.org/W2203337660","https://openalex.org/W2203584209","https://openalex.org/W2210774577","https://openalex.org/W2228911404","https://openalex.org/W2234017516","https://openalex.org/W2243910693","https://openalex.org/W2257393941","https://openalex.org/W2260783129","https://openalex.org/W2264766172","https://openalex.org/W2270436153","https://openalex.org/W2274364412","https://openalex.org/W2274712006","https://openalex.org/W2276796152","https://openalex.org/W2286028140","https://openalex.org/W2288724635","https://openalex.org/W2289096564","https://openalex.org/W2291150993","https://openalex.org/W2291613807","https://openalex.org/W2293085517","https://openalex.org/W2309305620","https://openalex.org/W2323157366","https://openalex.org/W2337472511","https://openalex.org/W2338941390","https://openalex.org/W2342496067","https://openalex.org/W2345842246","https://openalex.org/W2347101856","https://openalex.org/W2399306297","https://openalex.org/W2401387098","https://openalex.org/W2404475625","https://openalex.org/W2411835894","https://openalex.org/W2430451911","https://openalex.org/W2434435792","https://openalex.org/W2442806752","https://openalex.org/W2464214790","https://openalex.org/W2464270483","https://openalex.org/W2464634901","https://openalex.org/W2465063545","https://openalex.org/W2467585639","https://openalex.org/W2467933138","https://openalex.org/W2468115901","https://openalex.org/W2469021143","https://openalex.org/W2469601876","https://openalex.org/W2469775675","https://openalex.org/W2471456198","https://openalex.org/W2472999905","https://openalex.org/W2473396474","https://openalex.org/W2478503558","https://openalex.org/W2479900407","https://openalex.org/W2496781068","https://openalex.org/W2500898769","https://openalex.org/W2501433268","https://openalex.org/W2513031390","https://openalex.org/W2518660493","https://openalex.org/W2521222097","https://openalex.org/W2526867530","https://openalex.org/W2530261293","https://openalex.org/W2537371870","https://openalex.org/W2537649431","https://openalex.org/W2537784384","https://openalex.org/W2538737679","https://openalex.org/W2557842160","https://openalex.org/W2564800430","https://openalex.org/W2567007447","https://openalex.org/W2569526740","https://openalex.org/W2574712057","https://openalex.org/W2585158089","https://openalex.org/W2613205715","https://openalex.org/W2768411980","https://openalex.org/W2929730970","https://openalex.org/W3020993522","https://openalex.org/W3103243695","https://openalex.org/W3105700522","https://openalex.org/W3106485633","https://openalex.org/W3125615859","https://openalex.org/W3162459797","https://openalex.org/W4230321496","https://openalex.org/W4245954154","https://openalex.org/W4248429016","https://openalex.org/W4253200893","https://openalex.org/W4293263215","https://openalex.org/W4297822074","https://openalex.org/W6631559111","https://openalex.org/W6636118494","https://openalex.org/W6636558983","https://openalex.org/W6674087999","https://openalex.org/W6686885839","https://openalex.org/W6697021543","https://openalex.org/W6717038350","https://openalex.org/W6719788486","https://openalex.org/W6723579107","https://openalex.org/W6731778311","https://openalex.org/W6906155802","https://openalex.org/W7009919952"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2461440407","https://openalex.org/W2796409477","https://openalex.org/W2734533280","https://openalex.org/W2017958077","https://openalex.org/W2803963883","https://openalex.org/W3082892976","https://openalex.org/W3089799508","https://openalex.org/W4361794475","https://openalex.org/W2560384866","https://openalex.org/W3013182436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,137],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,21,27,39,51,59,86,91,116],"two":[3,31],"new":[4,52,92],"technologies,":[5],"namely,":[6],"software":[7],"defined":[8],"networking":[9],"(SDN)":[10],"and":[11,24,45,47,54,61,63,94,97,123,162,178,182,188,193,199,204,207,209,212,219,228],"network":[12,22,28,43,95,132,210],"function":[13],"virtualization":[14],"(NFV),":[15],"have":[16],"radically":[17],"changed":[18],"the":[19,25,37,49,57,67,73,100,103,126,167,175,217],"development":[20],"functions":[23],"evolution":[26],"architectures.":[29],"These":[30],"technologies":[32],"bring":[33],"to":[34,81,98,146,224],"mobile":[35,68,79,129],"operators":[36,69],"promises":[38],"reducing":[40],"costs,":[41],"enhancing":[42],"flexibility":[44],"scalability,":[46],"shortening":[48],"time-to-market":[50],"applications":[53],"services.":[55],"With":[56],"advent":[58],"SDN":[60,122],"NFV":[62,124],"their":[64,78],"offered":[65],"benefits,":[66],"are":[70],"gradually":[71],"changing":[72],"way":[74,101],"how":[75],"they":[76],"architect":[77],"networks":[80],"cope":[82],"with":[83],"ever-increasing":[84],"growth":[85],"data":[87],"traffic,":[88],"massive":[89],"number":[90],"devices":[93],"accesses,":[96],"pave":[99],"toward":[102],"upcoming":[104],"fifth":[105],"generation":[106],"networking.":[107],"This":[108],"survey":[109,115,186],"aims":[110],"at":[111],"providing":[112],"a":[113,147],"comprehensive":[114],"state-of-the-art":[117],"research":[118,138,168],"work,":[119],"which":[120],"leverages":[121],"into":[125,142],"most":[127],"recent":[128],"packet":[130,135],"core":[131],"architecture,":[133],"evolved":[134],"core.":[136],"work":[139,169],"is":[140,170],"categorized":[141],"smaller":[143],"groups":[144],"according":[145],"proposed":[148,176],"four-dimensional":[149],"taxonomy":[150,177,218],"reflecting":[151],"the:":[152],"1)":[153],"architectural":[154],"approach,":[155],"2)":[156],"technology":[157],"adoption,":[158],"3)":[159],"functional":[160],"implementation,":[161],"4)":[163],"deployment":[164],"strategy.":[165],"Thereafter,":[166],"exhaustively":[171],"compared":[172],"based":[173],"on":[174],"some":[179,190],"added":[180],"attributes":[181],"criteria.":[183],"Finally,":[184],"this":[185],"identifies":[187],"discusses":[189],"major":[191],"challenges":[192],"open":[194],"issues,":[195],"such":[196],"as":[197],"scalability":[198],"reliability,":[200],"optimal":[201],"resource":[202],"scheduling":[203],"allocation,":[205],"management":[206],"orchestration,":[208],"sharing":[211],"slicing":[213],"that":[214,222],"raise":[215],"from":[216],"comparison":[220],"tables":[221],"need":[223],"be":[225],"further":[226],"investigated":[227],"explored.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
