{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2580290178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2659646","title":"Network-Based Secret Communication in Clouds: A Survey","display_name":"Network-Based Secret Communication in Clouds: A Survey","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2580290178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2659646","mag":"2580290178"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2659646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2659646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039756505","display_name":"Johanna Ullrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-9614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167190","display_name":"SBA Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05nny6x17","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johanna Ullrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["SBA Research, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SBA Research, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015779165","display_name":"Tanja Zseby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5391-467X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Zseby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Telecommunications, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Telecommunications, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018072983","display_name":"Joachim Fabini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8285-1591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joachim Fabini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Telecommunications, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Telecommunications, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083435816","display_name":"Edgar Weippl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0665-6126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edgar Weippl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Telecommunications, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Telecommunications, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2718,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9069207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"1112","last_page":"1144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8291784524917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7423111796379089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6829162240028381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.6350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.5797857046127319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.5180866122245789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.3770027160644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35599416494369507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8291784524917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7423111796379089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6829162240028381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.6350001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.5797857046127319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.5180866122245789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.3770027160644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35599416494369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2659646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2659646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8850885171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P 26289-N23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/028jc0449"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":159,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39484373","https://openalex.org/W48356261","https://openalex.org/W95298189","https://openalex.org/W154256836","https://openalex.org/W169466422","https://openalex.org/W200339258","https://openalex.org/W206134864","https://openalex.org/W320829365","https://openalex.org/W754135024","https://openalex.org/W1467126665","https://openalex.org/W1480446724","https://openalex.org/W1486443221","https://openalex.org/W1505781329","https://openalex.org/W1535492492","https://openalex.org/W1549027070","https://openalex.org/W1568700310","https://openalex.org/W1585665690","https://openalex.org/W1595569211","https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1681426122","https://openalex.org/W1824405704","https://openalex.org/W1890643295","https://openalex.org/W1923099297","https://openalex.org/W1930197999","https://openalex.org/W1930512120","https://openalex.org/W1969949656","https://openalex.org/W1971673042","https://openalex.org/W1974737884","https://openalex.org/W1975890886","https://openalex.org/W1976188373","https://openalex.org/W1977367431","https://openalex.org/W1981844530","https://openalex.org/W1992713826","https://openalex.org/W1993390796","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W1995672990","https://openalex.org/W2001759130","https://openalex.org/W2005625871","https://openalex.org/W2008937638","https://openalex.org/W2012753837","https://openalex.org/W2013548638","https://openalex.org/W2016669115","https://openalex.org/W2018108780","https://openalex.org/W2019672983","https://openalex.org/W2021931360","https://openalex.org/W2029540594","https://openalex.org/W2032925129","https://openalex.org/W2033880120","https://openalex.org/W2035068207","https://openalex.org/W2035290250","https://openalex.org/W2037322308","https://openalex.org/W2038908732","https://openalex.org/W2039844768","https://openalex.org/W2046036463","https://openalex.org/W2048384964","https://openalex.org/W2048702750","https://openalex.org/W2057306771","https://openalex.org/W2058357289","https://openalex.org/W2058410460","https://openalex.org/W2059383234","https://openalex.org/W2064997230","https://openalex.org/W2070289389","https://openalex.org/W2072410439","https://openalex.org/W2079411451","https://openalex.org/W2083341919","https://openalex.org/W2086040578","https://openalex.org/W2088705091","https://openalex.org/W2101080231","https://openalex.org/W2108217512","https://openalex.org/W2109026747","https://openalex.org/W2112700013","https://openalex.org/W2113341218","https://openalex.org/W2114296561","https://openalex.org/W2118688880","https://openalex.org/W2118805910","https://openalex.org/W2119028650","https://openalex.org/W2120467192","https://openalex.org/W2122589245","https://openalex.org/W2125202010","https://openalex.org/W2129430465","https://openalex.org/W2130216882","https://openalex.org/W2131628616","https://openalex.org/W2131646073","https://openalex.org/W2131726714","https://openalex.org/W2131900781","https://openalex.org/W2132648047","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2134894205","https://openalex.org/W2135359801","https://openalex.org/W2135579486","https://openalex.org/W2141823645","https://openalex.org/W2143488688","https://openalex.org/W2146973388","https://openalex.org/W2149886445","https://openalex.org/W2151185692","https://openalex.org/W2153575752","https://openalex.org/W2154350082","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2156468933","https://openalex.org/W2158817575","https://openalex.org/W2159322419","https://openalex.org/W2160886020","https://openalex.org/W2162055502","https://openalex.org/W2164808023","https://openalex.org/W2165666960","https://openalex.org/W2166471894","https://openalex.org/W2167088175","https://openalex.org/W2167356302","https://openalex.org/W2168406499","https://openalex.org/W2169461225","https://openalex.org/W2169677269","https://openalex.org/W2169893622","https://openalex.org/W2169965429","https://openalex.org/W2183224697","https://openalex.org/W2186594794","https://openalex.org/W2200264815","https://openalex.org/W2208633762","https://openalex.org/W2209711601","https://openalex.org/W2242737648","https://openalex.org/W2261800831","https://openalex.org/W2275015310","https://openalex.org/W2275530856","https://openalex.org/W2276629685","https://openalex.org/W2287116719","https://openalex.org/W2319471676","https://openalex.org/W2341865729","https://openalex.org/W2398686783","https://openalex.org/W2495947746","https://openalex.org/W2502170095","https://openalex.org/W2536380892","https://openalex.org/W2541749981","https://openalex.org/W2553652196","https://openalex.org/W2569378140","https://openalex.org/W2728977822","https://openalex.org/W2884206483","https://openalex.org/W2887053799","https://openalex.org/W3100680801","https://openalex.org/W4230007762","https://openalex.org/W4235381699","https://openalex.org/W4299562364","https://openalex.org/W6603849150","https://openalex.org/W6606947906","https://openalex.org/W6608147984","https://openalex.org/W6608398888","https://openalex.org/W6622311373","https://openalex.org/W6628656099","https://openalex.org/W6629032807","https://openalex.org/W6631948181","https://openalex.org/W6632966377","https://openalex.org/W6634115252","https://openalex.org/W6637174817","https://openalex.org/W6638342779","https://openalex.org/W6639249596","https://openalex.org/W6640370421","https://openalex.org/W6686565904","https://openalex.org/W6687973968","https://openalex.org/W6690490162","https://openalex.org/W6724224223","https://openalex.org/W6728385258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W2931996793","https://openalex.org/W1568579691","https://openalex.org/W4205234238","https://openalex.org/W2788934790","https://openalex.org/W3167767780","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W3148880067","https://openalex.org/W4205923274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,54],"cloud":[1,15,36,99,157],"concept":[2],"promises":[3],"computing":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,22,62,135],"utility.":[7],"More":[8],"and":[9,25,67,101,121,131,146,171,175],"more":[10],"functions":[11],"are":[12,150],"moved":[13],"to":[14,29,32,56,65,71,77,85,167],"environments.":[16,37],"But":[17],"this":[18,90],"transition":[19],"comes":[20],"at":[21],"cost:":[23],"security":[24],"privacy":[26],"solutions":[27],"have":[28],"be":[30,69],"adapted":[31],"new":[33],"challenges":[34],"in":[35,98,153],"We":[38,106,159],"investigate":[39,93],"secret":[40,59,96,114,162],"communication":[41,60,97,115,163],"possibilities-data":[42],"transmission":[43],"concealing":[44],"its":[45,51],"mere":[46],"existence":[47],"or":[48,84],"some":[49],"of":[50,81,110,113],"characteristics-in":[52],"clouds.":[53],"ability":[55],"establish":[57],"such":[58],"provides":[61],"powerful":[63],"instrument":[64],"adversaries":[66],"can":[68],"used":[70],"gather":[72],"information":[73],"for":[74,95],"attack":[75],"preparation,":[76],"conceal":[78],"the":[79,168],"coordination":[80],"malicious":[82],"instances":[83],"leak":[86],"sensitive":[87],"data.":[88],"In":[89],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,140],"potentials":[94],"environments":[100],"show":[102,172],"possible":[103],"application":[104,169],"scenarios.":[105],"survey":[107],"current":[108,154],"approaches":[109],"different":[111],"kinds":[112],"including":[116],"covert":[117,130,145],"channels,":[118,120,148],"side":[119,132,147],"obfuscation":[122],"techniques.":[123],"While":[124],"most":[125],"existing":[126],"work":[127],"focuses":[128],"on":[129,143],"channels":[133],"within":[134],"physical":[136],"server":[137],"(cross-VM":[138],"channels),":[139],"place":[141],"emphasis":[142],"network-based":[144],"which":[149],"rarely":[151],"addressed":[152],"literature":[155],"about":[156],"security.":[158],"then":[160],"discuss":[161],"techniques":[164],"with":[165],"respect":[166],"scenarios":[170],"their":[173],"advantages":[174],"limitations.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
