{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2576629242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2652320","title":"Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview","display_name":"Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2576629242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2652320","mag":"2576629242"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2652320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2652320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.07360","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101664749","display_name":"Usman Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-2384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143477","display_name":"Toshiba (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/054hmd463","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757","https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Usman Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K","[Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101447144","display_name":"Parag Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8612-444X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143477","display_name":"Toshiba (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/054hmd463","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757","https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parag Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K","[Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109169521","display_name":"Mahesh Sooriyabandara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143477","display_name":"Toshiba (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/054hmd463","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757","https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahesh Sooriyabandara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K","[Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Toshiba Research Europe Ltd., Bristol, U.K.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101664749"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1637,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79433948,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"855","last_page":"873"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.703113853931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.6687182188034058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6092660427093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5530310273170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alliance","display_name":"Alliance","score":0.5263456106185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5179582834243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-technologies","display_name":"Emerging technologies","score":0.4668128490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.41958898305892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4118531346321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3356415033340454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.703113853931427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.6687182188034058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6092660427093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5530310273170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778431023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878249","display_name":"Alliance","level":2,"score":0.5263456106185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5179582834243774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.4668128490447998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41958898305892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4118531346321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3356415033340454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2652320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2017.2652320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1606.07360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.07360","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.07360","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2576629242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.07360.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.07360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1606.07360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1606.07360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.07360","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.07360","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2576629242.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2576629242.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74450637","https://openalex.org/W1243481005","https://openalex.org/W1879944367","https://openalex.org/W1933351692","https://openalex.org/W2002271762","https://openalex.org/W2043510950","https://openalex.org/W2057644048","https://openalex.org/W2063939750","https://openalex.org/W2086244907","https://openalex.org/W2095223629","https://openalex.org/W2095688823","https://openalex.org/W2103193193","https://openalex.org/W2107710215","https://openalex.org/W2118720406","https://openalex.org/W2135053460","https://openalex.org/W2213767429","https://openalex.org/W2243299349","https://openalex.org/W2243606197","https://openalex.org/W2273675851","https://openalex.org/W2281680531","https://openalex.org/W2293399957","https://openalex.org/W2333209779","https://openalex.org/W2339038263","https://openalex.org/W2341433667","https://openalex.org/W2413035114","https://openalex.org/W2435739840","https://openalex.org/W2464793129","https://openalex.org/W2465461484","https://openalex.org/W2465938554","https://openalex.org/W2471815506","https://openalex.org/W2483961905","https://openalex.org/W2499400668","https://openalex.org/W2524243534","https://openalex.org/W2524310850","https://openalex.org/W2524974449","https://openalex.org/W2525332113","https://openalex.org/W2527800509","https://openalex.org/W2537187694","https://openalex.org/W2542099473","https://openalex.org/W2548733007","https://openalex.org/W2560463884","https://openalex.org/W2564219305","https://openalex.org/W2565629428","https://openalex.org/W2567390746","https://openalex.org/W2571043451","https://openalex.org/W2711252594","https://openalex.org/W2769385013","https://openalex.org/W3142930705","https://openalex.org/W4244434362","https://openalex.org/W4249545676","https://openalex.org/W6628356006","https://openalex.org/W6664950265","https://openalex.org/W6702566885","https://openalex.org/W6717961257","https://openalex.org/W6723852661","https://openalex.org/W6729059106","https://openalex.org/W6729427166","https://openalex.org/W6731164436","https://openalex.org/W6740014954"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2464268421","https://openalex.org/W2962691290","https://openalex.org/W2979501345","https://openalex.org/W2902663063","https://openalex.org/W2950386840","https://openalex.org/W2786245965","https://openalex.org/W2972875001","https://openalex.org/W2524310850","https://openalex.org/W2903942135","https://openalex.org/W2141077315","https://openalex.org/W2980083559","https://openalex.org/W2999638909","https://openalex.org/W2923934659","https://openalex.org/W3021778315","https://openalex.org/W2952165781","https://openalex.org/W2791530033","https://openalex.org/W3005860248","https://openalex.org/W2990760729","https://openalex.org/W2550599351","https://openalex.org/W2114033316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"power":[1],"wide":[2],"area":[3],"(LPWA)":[4],"networks":[5],"are":[6,167],"attracting":[7],"a":[8],"lot":[9],"of":[10,14,35,38,89,182,194,196,198],"attention":[11],"primarily":[12],"because":[13],"their":[15],"ability":[16],"to":[17,21,79,83,159],"offer":[18,80],"affordable":[19],"connectivity":[20,193],"the":[22,33,36,46,68,72,87,100,118,163,170,183,192,201],"low-power":[23,84],"devices":[24,85,199],"distributed":[25],"over":[26],"very":[27],"large":[28,173],"geographical":[29],"areas.":[30],"In":[31],"realizing":[32],"vision":[34],"Internet":[37],"Things,":[39],"LPWA":[40,76,97,124,137,165],"technologies":[41,53,77,98,125,138,166],"complement":[42],"and":[43,49,61,71,99,130,146,155],"sometimes":[44],"supersede":[45],"conventional":[47],"cellular":[48],"short":[50],"range":[51],"wireless":[52],"in":[54,186,200],"performance":[55],"for":[56],"various":[57],"emerging":[58,96],"smart":[59],"city":[60],"machine-to-machine":[62],"applications.":[63],"This":[64,148],"review":[65],"paper":[66,149,177],"presents":[67],"design":[69],"goals":[70],"techniques,":[73],"which":[74],"different":[75,106],"exploit":[78],"wide-area":[81],"coverage":[82],"at":[86],"expense":[88],"low":[90],"data":[91],"rates.":[92],"We":[93,133],"survey":[94],"several":[95],"standardization":[101],"activities":[102],"carried":[103],"out":[104],"by":[105],"standards":[107],"development":[108],"organizations":[109],"(e.g.,":[110,126],"IEEE,":[111],"IETF,":[112],"3GPP,":[113],"ETSI)":[114],"as":[115,117],"well":[116],"industrial":[119],"consortia":[120],"built":[121],"around":[122],"individual":[123],"LoRa":[127],"Alliance,":[128],"Weightless-SIG,":[129],"Dash7":[131],"alliance).":[132],"further":[134],"note":[135],"that":[136,189],"adopt":[139],"similar":[140,144],"approaches,":[141],"thus":[142],"sharing":[143],"limitations":[145],"challenges.":[147],"expands":[150],"on":[151],"these":[152],"research":[153,184],"challenges":[154],"identifies":[156],"potential":[157],"directions":[158],"address":[160],"them.":[161],"While":[162],"proprietary":[164],"already":[168],"hitting":[169],"market":[171],"with":[172],"nationwide":[174],"roll-outs,":[175],"this":[176],"encourages":[178],"an":[179],"active":[180],"engagement":[181],"community":[185],"solving":[187],"problems":[188],"will":[190],"shape":[191],"tens":[195],"billions":[197],"next":[202],"decade.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}