{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100303002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2015.2476474","title":"Visible Light Communication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges","display_name":"Visible Light Communication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100303002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2015.2476474","mag":"2100303002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2015.2476474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2015.2476474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023542938","display_name":"Parth H. Pathak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-002X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parth H. Pathak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020301726","display_name":"Xiaotao Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaotao Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100703619","display_name":"Pengfei Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7935-886X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086439160","display_name":"Prasant Mohapatra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2768-5308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasant Mohapatra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":60.7666,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1555,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9994224,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"2047","last_page":"2077"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.9505609273910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7322245836257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incandescent-light-bulb","display_name":"Incandescent light bulb","score":0.6164157390594482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.5661426782608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/led-lamp","display_name":"LED lamp","score":0.5659845471382141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.46836817264556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-lighting","display_name":"Smart lighting","score":0.45922815799713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.40191590785980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3654664158821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.18394410610198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.1737944483757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1651478111743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.15305811166763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12492850422859192}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.9505609273910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7322245836257935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173886181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47616","display_name":"Incandescent light bulb","level":2,"score":0.6164157390594482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.5661426782608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101271287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553201","display_name":"LED lamp","level":2,"score":0.5659845471382141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.46836817264556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105868","display_name":"Smart lighting","level":2,"score":0.45922815799713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.40191590785980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3654664158821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.18394410610198975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.1737944483757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1651478111743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15305811166763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12492850422859192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2015.2476474","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2015.2476474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":192,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3672750","https://openalex.org/W86720912","https://openalex.org/W134205744","https://openalex.org/W143226132","https://openalex.org/W627455822","https://openalex.org/W649468927","https://openalex.org/W1440897814","https://openalex.org/W1491759746","https://openalex.org/W1503835506","https://openalex.org/W1514652980","https://openalex.org/W1530491799","https://openalex.org/W1542486831","https://openalex.org/W1561525773","https://openalex.org/W1571371713","https://openalex.org/W1591723188","https://openalex.org/W1591737215","https://openalex.org/W1593984360","https://openalex.org/W1594402527","https://openalex.org/W1673379497","https://openalex.org/W1748122022","https://openalex.org/W1965076717","https://openalex.org/W1965744936","https://openalex.org/W1966393174","https://openalex.org/W1969298763","https://openalex.org/W1972200331","https://openalex.org/W1972324427","https://openalex.org/W1976642854","https://openalex.org/W1980935581","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W1983848515","https://openalex.org/W1984319239","https://openalex.org/W1984449843","https://openalex.org/W1984649364","https://openalex.org/W1985358952","https://openalex.org/W1986797098","https://openalex.org/W1989724813","https://openalex.org/W1994097356","https://openalex.org/W1995049014","https://openalex.org/W1999629859","https://openalex.org/W2001325776","https://openalex.org/W2001581518","https://openalex.org/W2003139543","https://openalex.org/W2006614395","https://openalex.org/W2007756244","https://openalex.org/W2011160046","https://openalex.org/W2011831153","https://openalex.org/W2013120050","https://openalex.org/W2014709468","https://openalex.org/W2015767978","https://openalex.org/W2017036591","https://openalex.org/W2017177253","https://openalex.org/W2017509009","https://openalex.org/W2017564549","https://openalex.org/W2018618226","https://openalex.org/W2020526719","https://openalex.org/W2020859417","https://openalex.org/W2021767041","https://openalex.org/W2022463773","https://openalex.org/W2022601682","https://openalex.org/W2024796780","https://openalex.org/W2027171098","https://openalex.org/W2027683833","https://openalex.org/W2027781082","https://openalex.org/W2033944049","https://openalex.org/W2037405583","https://openalex.org/W2040651893","https://openalex.org/W2042295441","https://openalex.org/W2043766821","https://openalex.org/W2045450963","https://openalex.org/W2050116178","https://openalex.org/W2050304483","https://openalex.org/W2050755131","https://openalex.org/W2050835902","https://openalex.org/W2050985762","https://openalex.org/W2051204411","https://openalex.org/W2051623619","https://openalex.org/W2052369842","https://openalex.org/W2055548259","https://openalex.org/W2056598691","https://openalex.org/W2057571928","https://openalex.org/W2060358508","https://openalex.org/W2062785569","https://openalex.org/W2064288282","https://openalex.org/W2064596608","https://openalex.org/W2065880443","https://openalex.org/W2068945700","https://openalex.org/W2074972854","https://openalex.org/W2076541010","https://openalex.org/W2077543131","https://openalex.org/W2081004296","https://openalex.org/W2081367122","https://openalex.org/W2081672777","https://openalex.org/W2081818927","https://openalex.org/W2085248118","https://openalex.org/W2085865080","https://openalex.org/W2090542201","https://openalex.org/W2092400965","https://openalex.org/W2092538124","https://openalex.org/W2093603457","https://openalex.org/W2095428973","https://openalex.org/W2095875830","https://openalex.org/W2096161297","https://openalex.org/W2097642145","https://openalex.org/W2097710642","https://openalex.org/W2098442568","https://openalex.org/W2100240506","https://openalex.org/W2101537238","https://openalex.org/W2101626458","https://openalex.org/W2102159398","https://openalex.org/W2102368722","https://openalex.org/W2103081201","https://openalex.org/W2104414710","https://openalex.org/W2105580634","https://openalex.org/W2106406595","https://openalex.org/W2107775381","https://openalex.org/W2108688317","https://openalex.org/W2109430601","https://openalex.org/W2111805540","https://openalex.org/W2115782486","https://openalex.org/W2117152609","https://openalex.org/W2120823019","https://openalex.org/W2122379639","https://openalex.org/W2124496513","https://openalex.org/W2124835908","https://openalex.org/W2124891231","https://openalex.org/W2125407132","https://openalex.org/W2125446515","https://openalex.org/W2128328234","https://openalex.org/W2129939749","https://openalex.org/W2133972154","https://openalex.org/W2133972654","https://openalex.org/W2134956613","https://openalex.org/W2135206989","https://openalex.org/W2137129680","https://openalex.org/W2138025876","https://openalex.org/W2139334546","https://openalex.org/W2140788236","https://openalex.org/W2140804280","https://openalex.org/W2141943392","https://openalex.org/W2143246195","https://openalex.org/W2143300010","https://openalex.org/W2144557638","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2148357273","https://openalex.org/W2149329661","https://openalex.org/W2149696160","https://openalex.org/W2149726400","https://openalex.org/W2151764418","https://openalex.org/W2152022792","https://openalex.org/W2152211579","https://openalex.org/W2153566626","https://openalex.org/W2156783769","https://openalex.org/W2159978356","https://openalex.org/W2160930589","https://openalex.org/W2161773262","https://openalex.org/W2162401014","https://openalex.org/W2162615077","https://openalex.org/W2163770389","https://openalex.org/W2166252931","https://openalex.org/W2167026139","https://openalex.org/W2167807837","https://openalex.org/W2170240475","https://openalex.org/W2196145477","https://openalex.org/W2322878107","https://openalex.org/W2485002209","https://openalex.org/W2502307616","https://openalex.org/W2568842486","https://openalex.org/W2595995231","https://openalex.org/W2605670303","https://openalex.org/W2753888321","https://openalex.org/W2951782437","https://openalex.org/W3100448444","https://openalex.org/W4231085939","https://openalex.org/W4246923912","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6600152883","https://openalex.org/W6628331383","https://openalex.org/W6632319835","https://openalex.org/W6635294182","https://openalex.org/W6637619040","https://openalex.org/W6646649721","https://openalex.org/W6669452455","https://openalex.org/W6674574982","https://openalex.org/W6675431344","https://openalex.org/W6680697719","https://openalex.org/W6682741014","https://openalex.org/W6683534156","https://openalex.org/W6687355602","https://openalex.org/W6736739726","https://openalex.org/W6744180640","https://openalex.org/W6764231190","https://openalex.org/W7051639935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2741426813","https://openalex.org/W2767690391","https://openalex.org/W3128819706","https://openalex.org/W2173302698","https://openalex.org/W2037167051","https://openalex.org/W2006414251","https://openalex.org/W787382311","https://openalex.org/W2900057665","https://openalex.org/W3128156741","https://openalex.org/W1602011098"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"solid-state":[1],"lighting":[2],"is":[3,54],"revolutionizing":[4],"the":[5,17,29],"indoor":[6,169],"illumination.":[7],"Current":[8],"incandescent":[9],"and":[10,41,102,111,125,134,147,157,160,165,175],"fluorescent":[11],"lamps":[12],"are":[13,57],"being":[14],"replaced":[15],"by":[16],"LEDs":[18,30,53],"at":[19,65],"a":[20,66,76,99,116],"rapid":[21],"pace.":[22],"Apart":[23],"from":[24],"extremely":[25],"high":[26,92],"energy":[27],"efficiency,":[28],"have":[31],"other":[32],"advantages":[33],"such":[34,131,167],"as":[35,81,132,168],"longer":[36],"lifespan,":[37],"lower":[38],"heat":[39],"generation,":[40],"improved":[42],"color":[43],"rendering":[44],"without":[45],"using":[46,195],"harmful":[47],"chemicals.":[48],"One":[49],"additional":[50],"benefit":[51],"of":[52,59,104,107,119,127,140],"that":[55,183],"they":[56],"capable":[58],"switching":[60],"to":[61,75,185,190],"different":[62],"light":[63,83,109,122,142,163,197],"intensity":[64],"very":[67],"fast":[68],"rate.":[69],"This":[70,96,113],"functionality":[71],"has":[72],"given":[73],"rise":[74],"novel":[77],"communication":[78,110,123,143],"technology":[79,100],"(known":[80],"visible":[82,108,121,141,162,196],"communication-VLC)":[84],"where":[85],"LED":[86],"luminaires":[87],"can":[88],"be":[89,186],"used":[90],"for":[91],"speed":[93],"data":[94],"transfer.":[95],"survey":[97,118],"provides":[98,115],"overview":[101],"review":[103],"existing":[105],"literature":[106],"sensing.":[112],"paper":[114],"detailed":[117],"1)":[120],"system":[124,155],"characteristics":[126],"its":[128],"various":[129],"components":[130],"transmitter":[133],"receiver;":[135],"2)":[136],"physical":[137],"layer":[138],"properties":[139],"channel,":[144],"modulation":[145],"methods,":[146],"MIMO":[148],"techniques;":[149,153],"3)":[150],"medium":[151],"access":[152],"4)":[154],"design":[156,191],"programmable":[158],"platforms;":[159],"5)":[161],"sensing":[164],"application":[166],"localization,":[170],"gesture":[171],"recognition,":[172],"screen-camera":[173],"communication,":[174],"vehicular":[176],"networking.":[177],"We":[178],"also":[179],"outline":[180],"important":[181],"challenges":[182],"need":[184],"addressed":[187],"in":[188],"order":[189],"high-speed":[192],"mobile":[193],"networks":[194],"communication.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":126},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":152},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":153},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":157},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":159},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":216},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":210},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":152},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":122},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}