{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1999053439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2014.2364136","title":"A Survey and Tutorial of Electromagnetic Radiation and Reduction in Mobile Communication Systems","display_name":"A Survey and Tutorial of Electromagnetic Radiation and Reduction in Mobile Communication Systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1999053439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2014.2364136","mag":"1999053439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2014.2364136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2014.2364136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001046536","display_name":"Yusuf Sambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8760-6800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inst. for Commun. Syst. (ICS), Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Commun. Syst. (ICS), Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074677171","display_name":"Fabien H\u00e9liot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-3435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabien H\u00e9liot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inst. for Commun. Syst. (ICS), Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Commun. Syst. (ICS), Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331811","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inst. for Commun. Syst. (ICS), Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Commun. Syst. (ICS), Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3914,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82729376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"790","last_page":"802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7779296636581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.6558334231376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-absorption-rate","display_name":"Specific absorption rate","score":0.6111770868301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5992105603218079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.5574268102645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-ionizing-radiation","display_name":"Non-ionizing radiation","score":0.45730453729629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation","display_name":"Radiation","score":0.4525545835494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.4205596148967743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.33755043148994446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.3364986181259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.32053816318511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07464098930358887}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7779296636581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.6558334231376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84237751","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914138","display_name":"Specific absorption rate","level":3,"score":0.6111770868301392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5992105603218079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.5574268102645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152744366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596860","display_name":"Non-ionizing radiation","level":2,"score":0.45730453729629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.4525545835494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.4205596148967743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.33755043148994446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.3364986181259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.32053816318511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07464098930358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comst.2014.2364136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2014.2364136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23688054","display_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","issn_l":"1553-877X","issn":["1553-877X","2373-745X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:136074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/44864.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:807767","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807767/1/Survey%20Yusuf%20Sambo.pdf","pdf_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807767/1/Survey%20Yusuf%20Sambo.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89903968","https://openalex.org/W122027087","https://openalex.org/W1474383644","https://openalex.org/W1528066976","https://openalex.org/W1532393167","https://openalex.org/W1538390632","https://openalex.org/W1570895503","https://openalex.org/W1582036455","https://openalex.org/W1793320704","https://openalex.org/W1819089345","https://openalex.org/W1931844708","https://openalex.org/W1964129462","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1975638417","https://openalex.org/W1992820182","https://openalex.org/W1996601409","https://openalex.org/W2003571996","https://openalex.org/W2004071109","https://openalex.org/W2006142492","https://openalex.org/W2006647533","https://openalex.org/W2038210194","https://openalex.org/W2039033630","https://openalex.org/W2042012381","https://openalex.org/W2046589809","https://openalex.org/W2049988680","https://openalex.org/W2066340670","https://openalex.org/W2066391575","https://openalex.org/W2068618686","https://openalex.org/W2076688890","https://openalex.org/W2079471992","https://openalex.org/W2083249540","https://openalex.org/W2090843874","https://openalex.org/W2109159967","https://openalex.org/W2114539661","https://openalex.org/W2116954003","https://openalex.org/W2117530374","https://openalex.org/W2121583031","https://openalex.org/W2122496159","https://openalex.org/W2124568462","https://openalex.org/W2125161536","https://openalex.org/W2127964298","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2136530738","https://openalex.org/W2136725098","https://openalex.org/W2136817808","https://openalex.org/W2137054978","https://openalex.org/W2138960193","https://openalex.org/W2140448150","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2144151843","https://openalex.org/W2150976960","https://openalex.org/W2155721651","https://openalex.org/W2159637866","https://openalex.org/W2160546586","https://openalex.org/W2162501577","https://openalex.org/W2162526292","https://openalex.org/W2164271287","https://openalex.org/W2172001221","https://openalex.org/W2283635835","https://openalex.org/W2319005323","https://openalex.org/W2339291070","https://openalex.org/W2542569937","https://openalex.org/W2556644153","https://openalex.org/W2610335499","https://openalex.org/W3036178702","https://openalex.org/W3095519359","https://openalex.org/W3103450255","https://openalex.org/W3103666518","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W3107179866","https://openalex.org/W4240891091","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4394652249","https://openalex.org/W6632158688","https://openalex.org/W6634928057","https://openalex.org/W6638139213","https://openalex.org/W6660014433","https://openalex.org/W6683266166","https://openalex.org/W6928955878"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157952010","https://openalex.org/W1979624408","https://openalex.org/W2161257893","https://openalex.org/W2335340868","https://openalex.org/W2107245617","https://openalex.org/W2992272026","https://openalex.org/W2117559861","https://openalex.org/W1990433578","https://openalex.org/W3003372097","https://openalex.org/W2016889236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,148],"provides":[2,163],"a":[3,23,64,73],"survey":[4,66,100],"and":[5,12,45,55,70,85,101,115,139,162],"tutorial":[6,74],"of":[7,26,36,59,67,168],"electromagnetic":[8],"(EM)":[9],"radiation":[10,19,92,105,126,156],"exposure":[11,20,50,89,106,127,157,171],"reduction":[13,142],"in":[14,28,51,93,128,143,158],"mobile":[15,52,94,129,144,159,172],"communication":[16,53,95,130,160,173],"systems.":[17,96,145],"EM":[18,49,91,104,125,155],"has":[21],"received":[22],"fair":[24],"share":[25],"interest":[27],"the":[29,37,41,76,88,166],"literature;":[30],"however,":[31],"this":[32,99,147],"work":[33],"is":[34,107],"one":[35],"first":[38],"to":[39,48,137,154],"compile":[40],"most":[42],"interesting":[43],"results":[44],"ideas":[46],"related":[47,136],"systems":[54,131,161],"present":[56],"possible":[57,121],"ways":[58],"reducing":[60,124],"it.":[61],"We":[62],"provide":[63],"comprehensive":[65],"existing":[68],"literature":[69],"also":[71],"offer":[72],"on":[75,87,98],"dosimetry,":[77],"metrics,":[78],"international":[79],"projects":[80],"as":[81,83,150],"well":[82],"guidelines":[84],"limits":[86],"from":[90],"Based":[97],"given":[102],"that":[103],"closely":[108],"linked":[109],"with":[110],"specific":[111],"absorption":[112],"rate":[113],"(SAR)":[114],"transmit":[116,140],"power":[117,141],"usage,":[118],"we":[119],"propose":[120],"techniques":[122],"for":[123],"by":[132],"exploring":[133],"known":[134],"concepts":[135],"SAR":[138],"Thus,":[146],"serves":[149],"an":[151],"introductory":[152],"guide":[153],"insights":[164],"toward":[165],"design":[167],"future":[169],"low-EM":[170],"networks.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}