{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321606756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comsnets56262.2023.10041415","title":"Defending Root DNS Servers Against DDoS Using Layered Defenses","display_name":"Defending Root DNS Servers Against DDoS Using Layered Defenses","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321606756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comsnets56262.2023.10041415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comsnets56262.2023.10041415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comsnets56262.2023.10041415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 15th International Conference on COMmunication Systems &amp; NETworkS (COMSNETS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113090612","display_name":"A. S. M. Rizvi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A S M Rizvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103177278","display_name":"Jelena Mirkovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7462-8747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jelena Mirkovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090014731","display_name":"John Heidemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1225-7562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Heidemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010249735","display_name":"Wes Hardaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7747-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wesley Hardaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043626629","display_name":"Robert Story","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Story","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California / Information Sciences Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113090612"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4044,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81386861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"513","last_page":"521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10651","display_name":"IPv6, Mobility, Handover, Networks, Security","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8799794912338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7646708488464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.757426917552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-name-system","display_name":"Domain Name System","score":0.6837975382804871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6480301022529602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6262884736061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6248798370361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ip-address-spoofing","display_name":"IP address spoofing","score":0.6155747771263123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5540748834609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collateral-damage","display_name":"Collateral damage","score":0.4615021347999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause","display_name":"Root cause","score":0.4276714324951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.12919259071350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12660327553749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10536810755729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-protocol","display_name":"Internet Protocol","score":0.08190470933914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ip-address-management","display_name":"IP address management","score":0.05966445803642273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8799794912338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7646708488464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.757426917552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35026560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8767","display_name":"Domain Name System","level":3,"score":0.6837975382804871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6480301022529602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6262884736061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6248798370361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111814575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550893","display_name":"IP address spoofing","level":5,"score":0.6155747771263123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5540748834609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993632694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45939","display_name":"Collateral damage","level":2,"score":0.4615021347999573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.4276714324951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.12919259071350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12660327553749084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10536810755729675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.08190470933914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201980515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13219707","display_name":"IP address management","level":4,"score":0.05966445803642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comsnets56262.2023.10041415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comsnets56262.2023.10041415","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 15th International Conference on COMmunication Systems &amp; NETworkS (COMSNETS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G125281482","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF OAC-1739034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486402922","https://openalex.org/W1867219652","https://openalex.org/W1977206554","https://openalex.org/W1987045229","https://openalex.org/W1999769581","https://openalex.org/W2001968297","https://openalex.org/W2010787569","https://openalex.org/W2045819916","https://openalex.org/W2087853663","https://openalex.org/W2102142177","https://openalex.org/W2107363720","https://openalex.org/W2107521169","https://openalex.org/W2119276484","https://openalex.org/W2121095466","https://openalex.org/W2161372071","https://openalex.org/W2497176421","https://openalex.org/W2515017176","https://openalex.org/W2556331653","https://openalex.org/W2768883253","https://openalex.org/W2903228053","https://openalex.org/W2943403042","https://openalex.org/W2980904829","https://openalex.org/W2983369904","https://openalex.org/W3007418556","https://openalex.org/W3046467528","https://openalex.org/W3127553735","https://openalex.org/W3144844971","https://openalex.org/W3169076764","https://openalex.org/W3189217741","https://openalex.org/W4205200683","https://openalex.org/W4231645469","https://openalex.org/W4254525415","https://openalex.org/W6672775965","https://openalex.org/W6840644930"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978185930","https://openalex.org/W2360631891","https://openalex.org/W1976066853","https://openalex.org/W2342553505","https://openalex.org/W2051979939","https://openalex.org/W4312366226","https://openalex.org/W2089278933","https://openalex.org/W2000155568","https://openalex.org/W2348219379","https://openalex.org/W2361101593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributed":[0],"Denial-of-Service":[1],"(DDoS)":[2],"attacks":[3,161],"exhaust":[4],"resources,":[5],"leaving":[6],"a":[7,19,28,93,104,125,163,185],"server":[8,183],"unavailable":[9],"to":[10,49,59,181],"legitimate":[11],"clients.":[12],"The":[13],"Domain":[14],"Name":[15],"System":[16],"(DNS)":[17],"is":[18,27,36],"frequent":[20],"target":[21],"of":[22,86,106,120,137,158,199],"DDoS":[23,95],"attacks.":[24],"Since":[25],"DNS":[26,53,98,164],"critical":[29],"infrastructure":[30],"service,":[31],"protecting":[32],"it":[33],"from":[34,162],"DoS":[35],"imperative.":[37],"Many":[38],"prior":[39],"approaches":[40],"have":[41],"focused":[42],"on":[43],"specific":[44],"filters":[45,138],"or":[46],"anti-spoofing":[47],"techniques":[48],"protect":[50],"generic":[51],"services.":[52],"root":[54,99,165],"nameservers":[55],"are":[56],"more":[57],"challenging":[58],"protect,":[60],"since":[61],"they":[62],"use":[63],"fixed":[64],"IP":[65],"addresses,":[66],"serve":[67],"very":[68],"diverse":[69],"clients":[70],"and":[71,81,129,132,177],"requests,":[72],"receive":[73],"predominantly":[74],"UDP":[75],"traffic":[76,180],"that":[77,127,144],"can":[78,110,170,196],"be":[79,111],"spoofed,":[80],"must":[82],"guarantee":[83],"high":[84],"quality":[85],"service.":[87],"In":[88],"this":[89,145],"paper":[90],"we":[91],"propose":[92,124],"layered":[94,146],"defense":[96,102,147,174],"for":[97,113],"nameservers.":[100],"Our":[101,167],"uses":[103],"library":[105],"defensive":[107],"filters,":[108],"which":[109],"optimized":[112],"different":[114,118],"attack":[115,154],"types,":[116],"with":[117],"levels":[119],"selectivity.":[121],"We":[122,142,195],"further":[123],"method":[126],"automatically":[128],"continuously":[130],"evaluates":[131],"selects":[133],"the":[134,140,172,182],"best":[135,173],"combination":[136],"throughout":[139],"attack.":[141],"show":[143],"approach":[148],"provides":[149],"exceptional":[150],"protection":[151],"against":[152],"all":[153],"types":[155],"using":[156],"traces":[157],"ten":[159],"real":[160],"nameserver.":[166],"automated":[168],"system":[169],"select":[171],"within":[175,184],"seconds":[176],"quickly":[178],"reduces":[179],"manageable":[186],"range,":[187],"while":[188],"keeping":[189],"collateral":[190],"damage":[191],"lower":[192],"than":[193],"2%.":[194],"handle":[197],"millions":[198],"filtering":[200],"rules":[201],"without":[202],"noticeable":[203],"operational":[204],"overhead.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
