{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417277270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comcomap68359.2025.11353163","title":"Opcode Analysis of Real Encryption-Based Microarchitectural Attacks Using gem5","display_name":"Opcode Analysis of Real Encryption-Based Microarchitectural Attacks Using gem5","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417277270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comcomap68359.2025.11353163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/comcomap68359.2025.11353163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comcomap68359.2025.11353163","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Computing, Communications and IoT Applications (ComComAp)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://telecom-paris.hal.science/hal-05393482","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004392757","display_name":"Muhammad Awais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5536-2661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Awais","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026368134","display_name":"Muhammad Isa Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahreen Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048830959","display_name":"Maria Mushtaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-2582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Mushtaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018022196","display_name":"L\u00edrida Naviner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6320-4153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lirida Naviner","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019739002","display_name":"Jawad Haj-Yahya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2911-0329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193427800","display_name":"Applied Materials (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1q4c89","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193427800"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128988","display_name":"Intelligent Fiber Optic Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02v7j5a68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128988"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Haj Yahya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rivos Inc,Santa Clara,USA","Rivos Inc. (3355 Scott Boulevard, \r\nSanta Clara, CA 95054 - United States)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rivos Inc,Santa Clara,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128988"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rivos Inc. (3355 Scott Boulevard, \r\nSanta Clara, CA 95054 - United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193427800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004938751","display_name":"Florent Bruguier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7897-5700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19894307","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/051escj72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19894307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101743","display_name":"Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Robotique et de Micro\u00e9lectronique de Montpellier","ror":"https://ror.org/013yean28","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I151295451","https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I4210101743","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4405261681"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florent Bruguier","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Montpellier,LIRMM, CNRS,Montpellier,France,34095","LIRMM | ADAC - ADAptive Computing (LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34000 Montpellier - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Montpellier,LIRMM, CNRS,Montpellier,France,34095","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19894307","https://openalex.org/I4210101743","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIRMM | ADAC - ADAptive Computing (LIRMM, 161 rue Ada, 34000 Montpellier - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110715651","display_name":"Renaud Pacalet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renaud Pacalet","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058794408","display_name":"Ludovic Apvrille","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1167-4639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludovic Apvrille","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMELEC,Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris,France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSH - Secure and Safe Hardware (T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris 19 Place Marguerite Perey 91120 Palaiseau - France)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004392757"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20964354,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"377","last_page":"384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8155999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8155999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.15710000693798065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opcode","display_name":"Opcode","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-predictor","display_name":"Branch predictor","score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-timing-analysis","display_name":"Static timing analysis","score":0.38280001282691956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8047000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52173422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766483","display_name":"Opcode","level":2,"score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5241000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168522837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679552","display_name":"Branch predictor","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025226","display_name":"Static timing analysis","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107598950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259864","display_name":"Microarchitecture","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46331935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4651362","display_name":"AES implementations","level":4,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141917322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1025017","display_name":"Cache coherence","level":5,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775928411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041312","display_name":"Fault injection","level":3,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/comcomap68359.2025.11353163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/comcomap68359.2025.11353163","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Computing, Communications and IoT Applications (ComComAp)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05393482v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://telecom-paris.hal.science/hal-05393482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ComComAp 2025 - 7th Computing, Communications and IoT Applications Conference, Dec 2025, Madrid, Spain. pp.377-384, ⟨10.1109/ComComAp68359.2025.11353163⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05394532v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05394532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://comcomap.net/2025/","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05393482v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://telecom-paris.hal.science/hal-05393482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ComComAp 2025 - 7th Computing, Communications and IoT Applications Conference, Dec 2025, Madrid, Spain. pp.377-384, ⟨10.1109/ComComAp68359.2025.11353163⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"processors":[1],"employ":[2],"performance-enhancing":[3],"features":[4],"such":[5,40,107],"as":[6,108],"speculative":[7],"execution":[8],"and":[9,54,56,80,86,129,191,196],"multi-level":[10],"caching,":[11],"but":[12,174],"these":[13],"same":[14],"mechanisms":[15],"can":[16],"inadvertently":[17],"expose":[18],"sensitive":[19],"information":[20],"through":[21],"microarchitectural":[22,71],"side":[23],"channels.":[24],"This":[25],"work":[26,182],"introduces":[27],"a":[28,44],"precise,":[29],"simulation-driven":[30],"framework":[31],"for":[32,73,186,203],"identifying":[33],"how":[34],"individual":[35],"cryptographic":[36,189],"instructions":[37,50,106],"contribute":[38],"to":[39,60,101],"leakage.":[41],"We":[42,157],"present":[43],"systematic":[45],"opcode-level":[46],"analysis":[47],"of":[48,120,200],"AES-NI":[49],"(including":[51],"AESENC,":[52],"AESDEC,":[53],"AESKEY-GENASSIST)":[55],"quantify":[57],"their":[58],"susceptibility":[59],"Flush+Reload":[61],"attacks":[62],"using":[63],"cycle-accurate":[64],"gem5":[65,137,146],"simulations.":[66],"Our":[67],"results":[68],"reveal":[69],"distinct":[70],"footprints":[72],"each":[74],"opcode:":[75],"AES-ENC":[76],"exhibits":[77],"measurable":[78],"timing":[79],"cache":[81],"activity":[82],"arising":[83],"from":[84],"state":[85],"round-key":[87],"memory":[88],"operations":[89],"surrounding":[90],"the":[91,97,124,149,178,198],"hardware-implemented":[92],"transform,":[93],"while":[94],"AESKEYGENASSIST":[95],"incurs":[96],"highest":[98],"latency":[99],"due":[100],"iterative":[102],"key-schedule":[103],"computations.":[104],"Control-flow":[105],"JNE":[109],"further":[110],"amplify":[111],"leakage":[112,151,165],"by":[113,166],"introducing":[114],"branch":[115],"mispredictions.":[116],"A":[117],"key":[118,134],"outcome":[119],"this":[121,181],"study":[122],"is":[123],"close":[125],"match":[126],"between":[127],"simulation":[128,202],"physical":[130],"measurements":[131],"achieving":[132],"89%":[133],"recovery":[135],"in":[136],"versus":[138],"96%":[139],"on":[140],"an":[141],"Intel":[142],"CPU,":[143],"demonstrating":[144],"that":[145,160],"reliably":[147],"captures":[148],"dominant":[150],"behaviors":[152],"despite":[153],"abstracted":[154],"hardware":[155],"details.":[156],"additionally":[158],"show":[159],"smaller":[161],"last-level":[162],"caches":[163,172],"intensify":[164],"concentrating":[167],"access":[168],"patterns,":[169],"whereas":[170],"larger":[171],"reduce,":[173],"do":[175],"not":[176],"eliminate":[177],"exposure.":[179],"Overall,":[180],"provides":[183],"actionable":[184],"insights":[185],"designing":[187],"hardened":[188],"software":[190],"developing":[192],"future":[193],"detection":[194],"mechanisms,":[195],"highlights":[197],"value":[199],"architectural":[201],"early-stage":[204],"security":[205],"assessment.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}