{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205952336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cog52621.2021.9619042","title":"Video Games as a Testbed for Open-Ended Phenomena","display_name":"Video Games as a Testbed for Open-Ended Phenomena","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205952336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cog52621.2021.9619042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cog52621.2021.9619042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cog52621.2021.9619042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608335","display_name":"2021 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088834644","display_name":"Sam Earle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3783-9486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sam Earle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077267552","display_name":"Julian Togelius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3128-4598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Togelius","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039317103","display_name":"L. B. Soros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3259-3205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094952","display_name":"Cross Compass (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00naatv40","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094952"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. B. Soros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cross Labs, Cross Compass, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cross Labs, Cross Compass, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094952"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088834644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83644134,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9538999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9538999795913696,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12788","display_name":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","score":0.9320999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13377","display_name":"Ecosystem dynamics and resilience","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.8664658069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.839593768119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7998760938644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.63591468334198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game","display_name":"Video game","score":0.6197230219841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4975261986255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-life","display_name":"Artificial life","score":0.4691528081893921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45802339911460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.2529381513595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13939157128334045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.8664658069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.839593768119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7998760938644409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.63591468334198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.6197230219841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4975261986255646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19273510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263847","display_name":"Artificial life","level":2,"score":0.4691528081893921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45802339911460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2529381513595581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13939157128334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cog52621.2021.9619042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cog52621.2021.9619042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608335","display_name":"2021 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1239044758","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1508933918","https://openalex.org/W1634621643","https://openalex.org/W1668408127","https://openalex.org/W1765868291","https://openalex.org/W1771257699","https://openalex.org/W1978429135","https://openalex.org/W2008707491","https://openalex.org/W2035791902","https://openalex.org/W2037392828","https://openalex.org/W2058186423","https://openalex.org/W2089381994","https://openalex.org/W2097351860","https://openalex.org/W2097427666","https://openalex.org/W2125673923","https://openalex.org/W2131900713","https://openalex.org/W2147276070","https://openalex.org/W2151083897","https://openalex.org/W2152986532","https://openalex.org/W2169885611","https://openalex.org/W2408279554","https://openalex.org/W2483336611","https://openalex.org/W2614012573","https://openalex.org/W2884309493","https://openalex.org/W2935444922","https://openalex.org/W2991265762","https://openalex.org/W3002683024","https://openalex.org/W3005527422","https://openalex.org/W3032597593","https://openalex.org/W3135144036","https://openalex.org/W4205590214","https://openalex.org/W4229809574","https://openalex.org/W4242915618","https://openalex.org/W4293118491","https://openalex.org/W6628339937","https://openalex.org/W6685043915","https://openalex.org/W6714181750","https://openalex.org/W6769912674","https://openalex.org/W6773186184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W3048672182","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W2381242807","https://openalex.org/W3092582874"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"and":[1,10,58,71],"engineering":[2],"open-endedness,":[3],"or":[4],"the":[5,54,72,113],"indefinite":[6],"generation":[7],"of":[8,46,56,69,108,115],"novelty":[9],"complexity":[11,104],"at":[12],"arbitrary":[13],"scales,":[14],"has":[15],"long":[16],"been":[17],"studied":[18],"by":[19,80],"implementing":[20],"nature-inspired":[21],"simulations":[22],"specifically":[23],"designed":[24],"for":[25,40,119],"artificial":[26,121],"life":[27,122],"studies.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30,52],"argues":[31],"that":[32,91],"video":[33],"games":[34,77],"serve":[35],"as":[36,105],"a":[37,81,106],"complementary":[38],"domain":[39,118],"research":[41],"on":[42],"open-endedness.":[43],"In":[44],"support":[45],"this":[47,51,116],"claim,":[48],"experiments":[49,92],"in":[50,62,103],"evaluate":[53],"effects":[55],"age-based":[57],"spatial":[59],"destructive":[60,110],"events":[61],"two":[63],"game":[64,74,117],"domains:":[65],"an":[66],"interactive":[67],"Game":[68],"Life":[70],"city-building":[73],"SimCity.":[75],"These":[76],"are":[78,95],"played":[79],"neural-network-controlled":[82],"gameplay":[83],"agent":[84],"trying":[85],"to":[86,98],"maximize":[87],"reward.":[88],"Results":[89],"indicate":[90],"with":[93],"SimCity":[94],"more":[96],"likely":[97],"identify":[99],"statistically":[100],"significant":[101],"differences":[102],"result":[107],"applied":[109],"events,":[111],"highlighting":[112],"utility":[114],"studying":[120],"phenomena.":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}