{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296474780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cog51982.2022.9893635","title":"Combining Monte-Carlo Tree Search with Proof-Number Search","display_name":"Combining Monte-Carlo Tree Search with Proof-Number Search","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296474780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cog51982.2022.9893635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cog51982.2022.9893635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cog51982.2022.9893635","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/94fe5082-c759-4fcb-974c-eb35e805438e","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044381971","display_name":"Elliot Doe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elliot Doe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University,Games Group,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences,Maastricht,The Netherlands","Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Games Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University,Games Group,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences,Maastricht,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Games Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013661099","display_name":"Mark H. M. Winands","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0125-0824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark H. M. Winands","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University,Games Group,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences,Maastricht,The Netherlands","Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Games Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University,Games Group,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences,Maastricht,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Games Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049574317","display_name":"Dennis J. N. J. Soemers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-8957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis J. N. J. Soemers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University,Games Group,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences,Maastricht,The Netherlands","Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Games Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University,Games Group,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences,Maastricht,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Games Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065924402","display_name":"Cameron Browne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-3255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cameron Browne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University,Games Group,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences,Maastricht,The Netherlands","Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Games Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University,Games Group,Department of Advanced Computing Sciences,Maastricht,The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Games Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2775,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63223884,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"206","last_page":"212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9646999835968018,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-tree-search","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","score":0.9528735280036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6685356497764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.6459861993789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5950194597244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5211170315742493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-tree","display_name":"Search tree","score":0.4574216902256012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.4460964500904083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4365924894809723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3574930429458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.3540332019329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33422794938087463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2562917470932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.08709779381752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06646591424942017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46149586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11785332","display_name":"Monte Carlo tree search","level":3,"score":0.9528735280036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6685356497764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.6459861993789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5950194597244263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5211170315742493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207024777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621673","display_name":"Search tree","level":3,"score":0.4574216902256012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.4460964500904083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4365924894809723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3574930429458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3540332019329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33422794938087463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2562917470932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.08709779381752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06646591424942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cog51982.2022.9893635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cog51982.2022.9893635","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/94fe5082-c759-4fcb-974c-eb35e805438e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/94fe5082-c759-4fcb-974c-eb35e805438e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Doe, E, Winands, M H M, Soemers, D J N J & Browne, C 2022, Combining Monte-Carlo Tree Search with Proof-Number Search. in 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG). IEEE, pp. 206-212, 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 21/08/22. https://doi.org/10.1109/CoG51982.2022.9893635","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:publications/94fe5082-c759-4fcb-974c-eb35e805438e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9893635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Doe, E, Winands, M H M, Soemers, D J N J & Browne, C 2022, Combining Monte-Carlo Tree Search with Proof-Number Search. in 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG). IEEE, pp. 206-212, 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 21/08/22. https://doi.org/10.1109/CoG51982.2022.9893635","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/94fe5082-c759-4fcb-974c-eb35e805438e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/94fe5082-c759-4fcb-974c-eb35e805438e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Doe, E, Winands, M H M, Soemers, D J N J & Browne, C 2022, Combining Monte-Carlo Tree Search with Proof-Number Search. in 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG). IEEE, pp. 206-212, 2022 IEEE Conference on Games (CoG), 21/08/22. https://doi.org/10.1109/CoG51982.2022.9893635","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494093857","https://openalex.org/W1502031920","https://openalex.org/W1532432082","https://openalex.org/W1567614956","https://openalex.org/W1603772156","https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W1714211023","https://openalex.org/W1782902006","https://openalex.org/W1963898198","https://openalex.org/W1990386132","https://openalex.org/W1995987707","https://openalex.org/W2020135152","https://openalex.org/W2021062561","https://openalex.org/W2029572069","https://openalex.org/W2053835634","https://openalex.org/W2057859142","https://openalex.org/W2075848246","https://openalex.org/W2086452649","https://openalex.org/W2095103538","https://openalex.org/W2102256448","https://openalex.org/W2112583639","https://openalex.org/W2123081947","https://openalex.org/W2126316555","https://openalex.org/W2149523275","https://openalex.org/W2168405694","https://openalex.org/W2169487610","https://openalex.org/W2295855358","https://openalex.org/W2344649489","https://openalex.org/W2588645044","https://openalex.org/W2766447205","https://openalex.org/W2796321934","https://openalex.org/W2902075567","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W3094497466","https://openalex.org/W4213373203","https://openalex.org/W6629984391","https://openalex.org/W6636578284","https://openalex.org/W6638081052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2770627170","https://openalex.org/W4327811054","https://openalex.org/W4206302813","https://openalex.org/W2491631281","https://openalex.org/W1785631772","https://openalex.org/W2115503785","https://openalex.org/W2967025328","https://openalex.org/W2962865140","https://openalex.org/W3128587426","https://openalex.org/W4322703856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proof-Number":[0],"Search":[1,6],"(PNS)":[2],"and":[3,40,66],"Monte-Carlo":[4],"Tree":[5],"(MCTS)":[7],"have":[8],"been":[9],"successfully":[10],"applied":[11],"for":[12],"decision":[13],"making":[14],"in":[15,57],"a":[16,23],"range":[17],"of":[18,38,47,62],"games.":[19],"This":[20],"paper":[21],"proposes":[22],"new":[24],"approach":[25],"called":[26],"PN-MCTS":[27,53],"that":[28,52],"combines":[29],"these":[30],"two":[31],"tree-search":[32],"methods":[33],"by":[34],"incorporating":[35],"the":[36,44],"concept":[37],"proof":[39],"disproof":[41],"numbers":[42],"into":[43],"UCT":[45],"formula":[46],"MCTS.":[48],"Experimental":[49],"results":[50],"demonstrate":[51],"outperforms":[54],"basic":[55],"MCTS":[56],"several":[58],"games":[59],"including":[60],"Lines":[61],"Action,":[63],"MiniShogi,":[64],"Knightthrough,":[65],"Awari,":[67],"achieving":[68],"win":[69],"rates":[70],"up":[71],"to":[72],"94.0%.":[73]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}