{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117090453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/coec.2003.1210239","title":"Contract representation for run-time monitoring and enforcement","display_name":"Contract representation for run-time monitoring and enforcement","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117090453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/coec.2003.1210239","mag":"2117090453"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/coec.2003.1210239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/coec.2003.1210239","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce, 2003. CEC 2003.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049768698","display_name":"Carlos Molina-Jim\u00e9nez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3617-8287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Molina-Jimenez","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK","School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048511781","display_name":"Santosh Shrivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6105-2785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Shrivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK","School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029552949","display_name":"Ellis Solaiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8346-7962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Solaiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK","School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030167208","display_name":"John Warne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Warne","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK","School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049768698"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.2571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99573158,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"103","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7630029320716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.696893036365509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.670217752456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.6159369349479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6085458993911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.6054673790931702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5940435528755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5260812044143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5030836462974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.4154580533504486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36426016688346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.13974842429161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09950122237205505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08019125461578369}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7630029320716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.696893036365509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.670217752456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6159369349479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6085458993911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.6054673790931702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5940435528755188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5260812044143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5030836462974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.4154580533504486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36426016688346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.13974842429161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09950122237205505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08019125461578369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/coec.2003.1210239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/coec.2003.1210239","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce, 2003. CEC 2003.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.109.2362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.2362","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://tapas.sourceforge.net/deliverables/D5App1.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.65.2958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.65.2958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/inproceedings/papers/652.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60754347","https://openalex.org/W63485758","https://openalex.org/W138827268","https://openalex.org/W1265132810","https://openalex.org/W1518252295","https://openalex.org/W1584902645","https://openalex.org/W1598204088","https://openalex.org/W2068310911","https://openalex.org/W2114357424","https://openalex.org/W2117090453","https://openalex.org/W2121767266","https://openalex.org/W2140729587","https://openalex.org/W2149501369","https://openalex.org/W2154765153","https://openalex.org/W2168884369","https://openalex.org/W3101879006","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602568028","https://openalex.org/W6605587612","https://openalex.org/W6628040785","https://openalex.org/W6630820495","https://openalex.org/W6635052900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2504004674","https://openalex.org/W1987679298","https://openalex.org/W2963177394","https://openalex.org/W4313359513","https://openalex.org/W2498744856","https://openalex.org/W4390482104","https://openalex.org/W322408318","https://openalex.org/W149041114","https://openalex.org/W1965815883","https://openalex.org/W763418848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Converting":[0],"a":[1,17,81,113,150],"conventional":[2,53],"contract":[3,77,99,129,134,147],"into":[4,46,80,100],"an":[5],"electronic":[6],"equivalent":[7],"that":[8,27,123],"can":[9,55,118],"be":[10,56,119],"executed":[11],"and":[12,91,104,107,109],"enforced":[13],"by":[14,24,58],"computers":[15],"is":[16,32,78,135],"challenging":[18],"task.":[19],"The":[20,36,115],"difficulties":[21],"are":[22,130],"caused":[23],"the":[25,28,40,43,72,76,89,95,98,101,124,128,133,139,143,146],"ambiguities":[26,70],"original":[29,44,73],"human-oriented":[30],"text":[31,45,74],"likely":[33],"to":[34,87,121],"contain.":[35],"conversion":[37,41],"process":[38],"involves":[39],"of":[42,60,97,112,145],"mathematical":[47,66],"notation.":[48],"We":[49,84,137],"discuss":[50],"how":[51,86],"standard":[52],"contracts":[54],"described":[57],"means":[59],"finite":[61],"state":[62],"machines":[63],"(FSMs).":[64],"This":[65],"description":[67],"helps":[68],"eliminate":[69],"from":[71,94],"before":[75],"coded":[79],"computer":[82],"program.":[83],"describe":[85,138],"map":[88],"rights":[90],"obligations":[92],"extracted":[93],"clauses":[96,125],"states,":[102],"transition":[103],"output":[105,110],"functions,":[106],"input":[108],"symbols":[111],"FSM.":[114,151],"FSM":[116],"representation":[117],"used":[120],"guarantee":[122],"stipulated":[126],"in":[127],"observed":[131],"when":[132],"executed.":[136],"middleware":[140],"required":[141],"for":[142],"enactment":[144],"represented":[148],"as":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
