{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403535487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/codit62066.2024.10708305","title":"Improving the Spectral Efficiency of a Downlink 5G Heterogeneous Massive MIMO System Using Beamforming Technique","display_name":"Improving the Spectral Efficiency of a Downlink 5G Heterogeneous Massive MIMO System Using Beamforming Technique","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403535487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/codit62066.2024.10708305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/codit62066.2024.10708305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/codit62066.2024.10708305","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 10th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/213992/1/2024140280.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052272115","display_name":"Obinna Oguejiofor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8552-393X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Obinna S. Oguejiofor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Electronic &#x0026; Computer Engineering Department,Awka,Anambra State,Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Electronic &#x0026; Computer Engineering Department,Awka,Anambra State,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425578","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-3200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds,School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043929515","display_name":"G N Okechukwu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Godson N. Okechukwu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Electronic &#x0026; Computer Engineering Department,Awka,Anambra State,Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Electronic &#x0026; Computer Engineering Department,Awka,Anambra State,Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"628","last_page":"633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7983406782150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7941031455993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7317229509353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.7105282545089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6411698460578918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3g-mimo","display_name":"3G MIMO","score":0.42245227098464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4033992886543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.32158589363098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16793546080589294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7983406782150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7941031455993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7317229509353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.7105282545089722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6411698460578918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.42245227098464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4033992886543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.32158589363098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16793546080589294}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/codit62066.2024.10708305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/codit62066.2024.10708305","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 10th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:213992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-3200>","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/213992/1/2024140280.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:213992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-3200>","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/213992/1/2024140280.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Proceedings Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403535487.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403535487.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074978263","https://openalex.org/W2144316470","https://openalex.org/W2198406192","https://openalex.org/W2468678507","https://openalex.org/W2792808199","https://openalex.org/W2797325295","https://openalex.org/W2908184967","https://openalex.org/W2965280891","https://openalex.org/W4206283975","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W6741932093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134916061","https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W4200145345","https://openalex.org/W2112785353","https://openalex.org/W2941374357","https://openalex.org/W1561113522","https://openalex.org/W2601693592","https://openalex.org/W1495906304","https://openalex.org/W2935871810","https://openalex.org/W4393237428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"meet":[1],"the":[2,39,49,59,84,89,100,106,110,130,145,151,186,192,195,202],"demand":[3],"for":[4,10,55,69,157],"an":[5,211],"improved":[6,15],"quality":[7],"of":[8,51,88,94,105,189,198],"experience":[9],"user":[11],"equipment":[12],"(UE)":[13],"and":[14,81,122,137,183,194,215],"spectral":[16,86,103,155,217],"efficiency":[17,87,104,156,218],"offered":[18],"by":[19,128],"mobile":[20],"network":[21],"operators,":[22],"5G":[23,43,60,73,90,159],"Networks":[24],"have":[25],"been":[26],"designed":[27],"to":[28,48,77,124,134],"employ":[29],"advanced":[30],"technologies":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33,114],"beamforming,":[34],"Massive":[35],"MIMO,":[36],"etc.":[37],"However,":[38],"major":[40],"issue":[41],"facing":[42],"systems":[44],"is":[45,162,219],"interference":[46,80],"due":[47],"implementation":[50],"universal":[52],"frequency":[53],"reuse":[54],"all":[56],"cells":[57],"in":[58,191,213],"Network.":[61],"This":[62],"work":[63],"proposes":[64],"a":[65,70,115,125,135,158],"coordinated":[66,95],"beamforming":[67,96],"technique":[68],"two-tier":[71],"downlink":[72],"massive":[74],"MIMO":[75],"system":[76,85,107,160,193],"tackle":[78],"inter-cell":[79],"consequently":[82],"improve":[83],"system.":[91],"The":[92,141,205],"choice":[93],"vectors":[97],"that":[98,144,209],"optimized":[99],"weighted":[101],"sum":[102],"while":[108],"satisfying":[109],"constraints":[111],"was":[112],"formulated":[113],"non-convex,":[116],"non-polynomial":[117],"hard":[118],"(NP-Hard)":[119],"optimization":[120],"problem":[121,127],"reformulated":[123],"convex":[126],"fixing":[129],"signal-to-interference-and--noise":[131],"ratio":[132],"(SINR)":[133],"threshold":[136],"solved":[138],"using":[139],"CVX.":[140],"results":[142,206],"showed":[143,208],"proposed":[146],"method":[147],"attained":[148],"at":[149,201],"least":[150],"theoretical":[152],"minimum":[153],"achievable":[154],"which":[161],"30":[163],"bit/s/Hz,":[164],"outperforming":[165],"other":[166],"methods":[167],"based":[168],"on":[169],"same":[170],"parameters:":[171],"Kr":[172,182,214],"=":[173,176,179],"9,":[174],"N":[175,184],"20,":[177],"SNR":[178],"30dB,":[180],"(where":[181],"are":[185],"total":[187,196],"number":[188,197],"UEs":[190],"transmit":[199],"antenna":[200],"base":[203],"stations).":[204],"also":[207],"with":[210],"increase":[212],"N,":[216],"improved.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
