{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904086465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/coase.2018.8560378","title":"Increasing Fuel Efficiency of a Hybrid Electric Competition Car by a Binary Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy","display_name":"Increasing Fuel Efficiency of a Hybrid Electric Competition Car by a Binary Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904086465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/coase.2018.8560378","mag":"2904086465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/coase.2018.8560378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/coase.2018.8560378","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 14th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100392629","display_name":"Tong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-6856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054955661","display_name":"Lei Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5703-5923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041685231","display_name":"Mikael Hellgren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikael Hellgren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075429586","display_name":"Jan Wikander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-3134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Wikander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100392629"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6903445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.8320332169532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.7330500483512878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6531940698623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.6125063896179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5572484731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.5245740413665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.5090808272361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.47927138209342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.46917134523391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.4603869915008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.43409204483032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4119326174259186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.39311036467552185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34179359674453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31354478001594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.2742556929588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.24874353408813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12420085072517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.12417963147163391}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.8320332169532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.7330500483512878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6531940698623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.6125063896179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5572484731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.5245740413665771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.5090808272361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.47927138209342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.46917134523391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4603869915008545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.43409204483032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4119326174259186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.39311036467552185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34179359674453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31354478001594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2742556929588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.24874353408813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12420085072517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.12417963147163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/coase.2018.8560378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/coase.2018.8560378","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE 14th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54090309","https://openalex.org/W1574514837","https://openalex.org/W1968649851","https://openalex.org/W1977429504","https://openalex.org/W2027407116","https://openalex.org/W2035407117","https://openalex.org/W2057157575","https://openalex.org/W2074428470","https://openalex.org/W2083706821","https://openalex.org/W2095320849","https://openalex.org/W2100134099","https://openalex.org/W2110884433","https://openalex.org/W2111034649","https://openalex.org/W2115096663","https://openalex.org/W2116507007","https://openalex.org/W2119208341","https://openalex.org/W2130884773","https://openalex.org/W2133150655","https://openalex.org/W2140635424","https://openalex.org/W2152938561","https://openalex.org/W2165579389","https://openalex.org/W2441835292","https://openalex.org/W2479780626","https://openalex.org/W2501655773","https://openalex.org/W2507407025","https://openalex.org/W6634206955","https://openalex.org/W6671493890","https://openalex.org/W6677252173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109769812","https://openalex.org/W2164776125","https://openalex.org/W2953137217","https://openalex.org/W2120892143","https://openalex.org/W2136582587","https://openalex.org/W2137409234","https://openalex.org/W2063991943","https://openalex.org/W2162365590","https://openalex.org/W99982270","https://openalex.org/W2604523609"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"improve":[1],"the":[2,35,41,51,60,70,74,93,101,106],"fuel":[3,95],"efficiency":[4,96],"of":[5,69,103,105],"a":[6,18,77],"hybrid":[7],"electric":[8],"car":[9,72],"with":[10],"special":[11,67],"powertrain":[12],"features":[13],"racing":[14],"in":[15,45,86],"Shell":[16],"Eco-marathon,":[17],"computationally":[19],"efficient":[20],"online":[21],"control":[22,30],"system":[23],"is":[24],"developed":[25],"by":[26,59,97],"solving":[27],"hierarchical":[28],"optimal":[29,36],"problems.":[31],"The":[32,47,66,81],"top-level":[33],"computes":[34],"velocity":[37],"trajectory":[38],"based":[39],"on":[40,88],"given":[42],"competition":[43,71],"track":[44],"advance.":[46],"lower-level":[48],"then":[49],"finds":[50],"best":[52],"instantaneous":[53],"engine":[54],"state":[55,102],"and":[56,91],"torque":[57],"allocation":[58],"equivalent":[61],"consumption":[62],"minimization":[63],"strategy":[64],"(ECMS).":[65],"design":[68],"reduces":[73],"ECMS":[75],"into":[76],"binary":[78],"optimization":[79],"problem.":[80],"new":[82],"controller":[83],"can":[84],"run":[85],"real-time":[87],"low-cost":[89],"microprocessors":[90],"improves":[92],"car's":[94],"50%":[98],"while":[99],"maintaining":[100],"charge":[104],"electrical":[107],"energy":[108],"buffer.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}